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PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE 

A MANUAL FOR 

STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS 
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 

AEEANGED WITH 

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

WITH AN APPENDIX CONTAINING 

PRESCRIPTIONS FOR THE HORSE AND THE DOG 



BY 

HARRY DENNETT HANSON, D.V.S. 

Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Associate Professor of Principles and Prac- 
tice of Veterinary Medicine and Clinical Medicine in the New York-American 
Veterinary College (Veterinary School of the New York University) 

President of the Veterinary Medical Association of the New York University ; Member 
of the American Veterinary Medical Association ; Member of the New York State 
Veterinary Medical Society ; Member of the Veterinary Medical Associa- 
tion of New York City ; Member of the New York Zoological Society, etc. 

Author of " Prescription Writing and Posology " 



NEW YORK 
H. D. HANSON & BROTHER 

1908 






SECOND EDITION 



Copyright, 1908, by 
HARRY DENNETT HANSON 



f^eceived from 
::opy right Office. 

DEC 13t»0» 



THE TROW PRESS, NEW YORK 



r- 



^ 

^ 



HIS ESTEEMED FRIENDS AND TEACHERS 

THE ACKNOWLEDGED FATHERS OF THE VETERINARY PROFESSION 

IN AMERICA 

JAMES L. ROBERTSON, M.D., D.V.S. 

PBOFESSOR OF THEORY AND PRACTICE AND CLINICAL VETERINARY MEDICINE 

AND 

ALEXANDER F. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. 

PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, OPERATIVE SURGERY, SANITARY 
HEDICINB: AND JURISPRUDENCE, AND DEAN OP THE FACULTY 

IN THE 

AMERICAN VETERINARY COLLEGE 

BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN 
NEW YORK CITY 

FOR THEIR UNTIRING WORK 

THIS IS SINCERELY DEDICATED BY 

THE AUTHOR 



PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION 

It has been both gratifying and encouraging to the writer 
to have his efforts received so kindly, and he takes this oppor- 
tunity to thank the members of the profession (including the 
students) by whose cooperation a second edition is demanded. 

In the second edition it is not my purpose to enlarge to 
any extent, as it would thus interfere with the primary object of 
the work, viz., to give the student and busy practitioner a con- 
densed work on the Practice of Equine Medicine. 

Knowing the importance and benefit of prefixes and suffixes 
to the students in aiding them to formulate and understand 
more readily the definitions of words used in medicine, the 
author has added to the list, and also included a few derivations 
from the Latin and Greek roots. 

The principal other additions will pertain to bacteriology, 
which has to do with the Etiology of certain Infectious Diseases 
so far as Pathologists have been able to aid us. Other altera- 
tions and additions will be made wherever deemed necessary. 

H. D. HANSON. 

New York City, July, 1908. 



PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION 

Feeling that the students and practitioners of Veterinary- 
Medicine have long been in need of a condensed work on 
Theory and Practice of Equine Pathology, the author has put 
forth his energy in theii' behalf. 

He hopes that his efibrts will not be misunderstood, as a 
small work like this cannot and is not intended to be as com- 
plete as larger ones. If this will be a help to students in get- 
ting their degrees and in passing the State Boards, and to the 
busy practitioner for quick reference, tlien his efforts have not 
been misplaced. 

The author has used as concise and as plain language as 
possible, often at the expense of grammatical precision. 

Some of the prescriptions in the Appendix are those I 
have used in practice, while others are among some selected 
from divers places, but whose authorship is unknown to me. 

The following are the writers freely referred to : Professors 
Jas. L. Eobertson, A. F. Liautard, W. Williams, F. Dunn, 
Wm. Eobertson, Friedberger and Frohner, Jas. Law, A. Smith, 
Wm. Osier, Wm. H. Thomson, Loomis, Pepper, Flint, and 
others. I am indebted to Professor Roscoe R. Bell for his 
valuable assistance in correcting proof, and to my brother, F. R. 
Hanson, D.V.S., who has kindly assisted me in preparing the 
Index. 

In conclusion, I would ask and highly appreciate any 
suggestions which the readers may feel disposed to make for 
the improvement of the work. 

THE AUTHOR. 

New York City, January, 1899. 



CONTENTS. 

SECTION I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

PAGB 

1. Pathology (General and Special) 35 

Nosology and Nomenclature 36 

Latin and Greek Prefixes 36 

Latin and Greek Suffixes 37 

Etiology 39 

Bacteria 40 

Ptomains 41 

Toxins and Toxalbumens 41 

Morbid Anatomy 43 

Semiology 43 

General Symptomatology 43 

Diagnosis 49 

Prognosis 49 

Treatment 50 

2. Disease 5i 

Functional and Organic 51 

Contagious and Infectious 53 

Miasmatic 53 

Communicable 53 

Sporadic 53 

Enzootic, Epizootic, and Panzootic 53 

Zymotic 53 

3. Termination of Disease 53 

Cure, Secondary Process, or Death 53 

4. Modes of Death 54 

Beginning at the Heart 54 

Beginning at the Lungs 54 

Beginning at the Brain 55 

23 



24 CONTENTS. 

SECTION II. 

INFLAMMATION. 

PAGB 

1. Inflammation 56 

Vascular Changes 56 

^tiolog-y 57 

Clinical Symptoms 5S 

General Symptoms 58 

Forms 59 

Exudations (Varieties) 59 

Catarrhal 60 

Croupous 60 

Diphtheritic 61 

Parenchymatous 61 

Specific and Non-specific 62 

Terminations 63 

Treatment 63 

2. Atrophy, Simple and Numerical 64 

General and Partial 64 

3. Degeneration 64 



SECTION III. 

CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES. 

General Diseases. 

Fever 65 

Characteristics 65 

Kinds 65 

Stages and Symptoms 66 

Forms 67 

Simple 67 

Hectic 67 

Continued 68 

Eemittent 6S 

Intermittent 68 



CONTENTS. 25 

PAGE 

Causes of Fever 68 

Treatment 68 

2. Diseases or Changes in the Blood 69 

Anaemia 69 

Polycythaemia 71 

Leucocytha?mia 71 

Hyperinosis 73 

Hypinosis 74 

3. Infectious and Epizootic Diseases 74 

Influenza 74 

Ehino-adenitis 77 

Malignant 79 

Variola 80 

Horse-pox 81 

Glanders 82 

Farcy 84 

Maladie du Coit 86 

Surra 88 

Nagana 90 

Mai de cadras 91 

Actinomycosis 93 

Equine Eabies 93 

Dysentery 94 

Cerebro-spinal Meningitis 96 

Septicaemia 97 

Pyasmia 99 

Tetanus 100 

4. Constitutional Diseases 104 

Purpura Haemorrhagica 104 

Haemophilia 107 

Osteomalacia 108 

Eickets 110 

Osteoporosis 112 

Diabetes 114 

Mellitus 115 

Insipidus 116 



26 COiSI TENTS. 

SECTION IV. 
DISEASES OF THE KESPIEATORY SYSTEM. 

Local Diseases. 

PAGE 

1. Physicae Diagnosis 117 

Inspection 117 

Palpation 117 

Mensuration 118 

Succussion 118 

Percussion 118 

Normal Sounds 119 

Abnormal Sounds 119 

Auscultation 120 

Normal Sounds 120 

Eales 121 

Dry and Moist 122 

Laryngeal and Bronchial 122 

Pleural 123 

2. Diseases of the Nasal Passage 123 

Acute Nasal Catarrh 123 

Chronic Nasal Catarrh 125 

Epistaxis 127 

3. Diseases of the Larynx 128 

Acute Laryngitis 129 

Chronic Laryngitis 131 

Laryngeal (Edema 132 

Eoaring 133 

4. Diseases of the Bronchi 135 

Acute Catarrhal Bronchi 1 is 136 

Chronic Bronchitis 138 

Bronchiectasis 1-10 

5. Diseases of the Lungs 141 

Pulmonary Congestion 141 

Active Ill 

Passive 142 

Pulmonary Oedema 143 

Broncho-pulmonary Hemorrhage 144 

Acute Lobar Pneumonia 146 



CONTENTS. 27 

PAGE 

Broncho-pneumonia 154 

Chronic Interstitial Pneumonia 155 

Pulmonary Emphysema 156 

Diseases of the Pleuba 159 

Acute Pleuritis 159 

Empyaema 165 

Hydrothorax 166 

Pneumothorax 166 

Pneumo-hy drothorax 166 

Pyo-pneumo-hydrothorax 166 

Haemato-pneumothorax 166 

Pneumo-nokoniosis 166 



SECTION V. 

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

1. Diseases of the Mouth AisfD Pharynx 167 

Lampas 167 

Parrot Mouth 168 

Cribbing 168 

Wind Sucking 168 

Irregular Teeth 169 

Stomatitis 169 

Glossitis 170 

Aphthae 171 

Parotiditis 171 

Pharyngitis 172 

Paralysis of the Pharynx 173 

Post-pharyngeal Abscess 174 

Pus in the Guttural Pouches 174 

2. Diseases of the (Esophagus 176 

Choking 176 

Stricture of the CEsophagus 178 

Dilatation of the (Esophagus 179 

Rupture of the CEsophagus 179 

Paralysis of the (Esophagus 180 

Spasm of the (Esophagus 180 

(Esophagitis 180 



28 CONTENTS. 

PAOB 

3. Diseases of the Stomach 181 

Toxic Gastritis 181 

Acute Indigestion 183 

Chronic Dyspepsia 184 

Impaction of the Stomach 185 

Eupture of the Stomach 186 

4. Diseases of the Intestines 187 

Spasmodic Colic 187 

Flatulent Colic 189 

Invagination 190 

Volvulus 190 

Enteritis 191 

Diarrhoea 194 

Constipation 194 

Costiveness 195 

5. Diseases of the Peritoneum 195 

Peritonitis 195 

Ascites 197 

6. Diseases of the Liver 197 

Icterus (Jaundice) 197 

Hepatic Hypersemia 198 

Acute Parenchymatous Hepatitis 199 

Chronic Interstitial Hepatitis 200 

Amyloid Liver 201 

Fatty Liver 201 

7. Diseases of the Spleen 202 

Splenitis 202 

8. Diseases of the Pancreas 203 

Pancreatitis 203 



SECTION" VI. 

DISEASES OF THE UKINARY SYSTEM. 

Circulatory Disturbances 204 

Nephritis 205 

Parenchymatous 205 

Interstitial 207 



CONTENTS. 29 

PAGE 

Pyelitis 208 

Perinephritis 208 

Hydronephrosis 209 

Nephroptosis 209 

Nephrolithiasis 209 

The Urine 209 

Physical Properties 209 

Examination of 210 

Test for Phosphates 211 

Test for Albumin 211 

Test for Bile 211 

Test for Urea 211 

Test for Blood 211 

Test for Sugar 212 

Test for Chlorides 212 

Test for Pus 212 

Hsematuria 213 

Pyuria 213 

Anuria 214 

Incontinence of Urine 214 

Cystitis 215 



SECTION VII. 

DISEASES OF THE CIECULATORY SYSTEM. 

Diseases of the Circulatory System 216 

Pericarditis 216 

Endocarditis 219 

Myocarditis 220 

Cardiac Hypertrophy 220 

Cardiac Dilatation 221 

Cardiac Palpitation 223 

Arrythmia 223 

Tachycardia 223 

Brachvcardia 223 



30 CONTENTS. 

SECTION VIII. 

DISEASES OF THE DIAPHRAGM. 

PAGE 

Diseases of the Diaphragm 225 

Spasm 225 

Rupture 225 



SECTION IX. 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

Diseases of the Nervous System 227 

Delirium 227 

Hyperesthesia 227 

Hyperalgesia 227 

Parsesthesia 227 

Anaesthesia 227 

Coma 227 

Carus 227 

Sopor 228 

Paroxysmal Vt rtig-o 228 

Chorea 230 

Cramp of the Patella Muscles 231 

Catalepsia 231 

Epilepsy 232 

Cerebral Hypersemia 232 

Cerebral Anaemia 233 

Cerebral Hemorrhage 234 

Meningeal Hemorrhage 234 

Cerebral Embolism 236 

Cerebral Thrombosis 236 

Encephalitis 237 

Cerebritis 237 

Meningitis 238 

Arachnitis 238 

Pachymeningitis 238 

Leptomeningitis 238 



CONTENTS. 31 

PAGE 

Hydrocephalus 239 

Congenital 239 

Acquired 240 

Paralysis 242 

Hemiplegia 242 

Paraplegia 242 

Myelitis 242 

Apoplexy of the Spinal Cord 242 

Polio-myelitis 242 

Spasm 243 

Cramp 243 

Eeflex Action 243 

Spinal Meningitis 244 



SECTION X. 

INTOXICATIONS. 

Sunstroke 246 

Thermic Fever 246 

Heat Exhaustion 246 

Azoturia 248 



APPENDIX. 

Prescriptions used in Equine Practice 253 

Prescriptions used in Canine Practice 257 

Index 259 



Practice of Equine Medicine. 



SECTION I. 



INTRODUCTION. 

What is meant by the practice of equine medicine ? 

This we imderstand to be the exercise of medical art, and in- 
cludes all the knowledge which has been acquired of the causes, 
pathology, symptoms, and cure of the diseases of the horse tribe. 

I. PATHOLOGY. 

What is pathology ? 

It relates to the study of disease ; being derived from pathos, 
signifying "a disease," and logos, meaning "& discourse ;" thus, a 
discourse of disease or a doctrine of disease. 

What is zoo-pathology? 

The term zoo-pathology is more properly applied to veterinary 
medicine, and signifies the doctrine of diseases of animals. 

How is pathology divided ? 

Pathology is divided into general pathology and special pa- 
thology. 

Define each. 

General pathology is the study of groups of diseased processes. 

Special pathology is the diseased processes occurring in one 
affection ; or, it has to do with particular and individual diseases 
exhibited in particular animals. 

What does general pathology include? 

It includes nosology, aetiology, morbid anatomy, semiology, 
diagnosis, prognosis, treatment. 

35 



36 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

NOSOLOGY— NOMENCLATURE. 

What is understood by the terms nosology and nomen- 
clature ? 

Nosology is the division and classification of diseases ; nomen- 
clature signifies the naming of the diseases. These are both 
divisions of general pathology. It is desired, in naming of the 
diseases, that such names chosen shall express the condition pres- 
ent as well as the location; this, however, is often difficult. 

The following prefixes, suffixes, and roots are some of the 
most common, and may aid in defining and locating various 
affections : 

Latin Prefixes. 

ante-, before, as in antemortem, antepartum. 

bi-, two or twice, as in biped, bicuspid. 

circum-, around, as in circumscribed. 

con- (co-, cog-, col-, com-, cor-), together or with, as contraction, 

conception, concussion. 
contra- (counter-), against, as counterirritation. 
ex- (e-, ec-, ef-), out, as expectant, excision. 
inter-, between, as intermittent, intercellular. 
intra-, intro-, within or into, as intracranial, introduction. 
non-, not, as nonpoisonous, nonnitrogenized. 
per-, by or through, as perspire, percolate. 
post-, after, as postmortem, postpartum. 
pre-, before, as predispose, prescription, precussory. 
re-, back, again or anew, as react, respiratory. 
retro-, backward or behind, as retropulsion, retropharyngeal. 
sub-, under, after, up, as subnormal, subcutaneous. 
super-, over, above, too great, as superpurgation, superrenal. 
trans-, beyond or through, as transudation, transfusion. 

Greek Prefixes. 

a-, an-, am-, without, not, the absence of a thing, as anorexia (loss 

of appetite), apnoea (without breath), apterous (without wings), 

anaemic (without blood), 
amphi-, around, on both sides, as amphibious (living on land and 

in water), amphiarthrosis (articulating both ways). 
ana-, up, throughout, again, as anasarca (water — throughout the 

flesh). 



INTRODUCTION. 37 

anti-, against, opposite, as antidote (a medicine to act against), 
antispasmodic (a medicine against spasm). 

cata-, down, through, as cataplasm (something laid down, a 
poultice), cathartic (to carry down, a purgative). 

dia-, through, as diathrodial (motion through a joint), diarrhoea 
(flowing through). 

dys-, ill, diflficult, painful, as dystokia (difficult birth), dyspnoea 
(difficult breathing), dysphagia (painful swallowing). 

ec-, out of, from, as eczema (a boiling out, eruptive skin disease), 
ecbolic (medicine that throws out, causes abortion). 

en-, em-, in, within, as enema (an injection), endermic (in the 
skin). 

endo-, ento-, within, as endocardium (within the heart, lining 
membrane). 

epi-, upon, on, over, as epiglottis (over the glottis), epilepsy (a 
seizing upon). 

hemi-, half, as hemiplegia (paralysis of half the body). 

hyper-, above, too great, as hypersesthesia (increased feeling), 
hypertrophy. 

hypo-, below, under, as hypodermic (under the skin), hypostatic, 
hypoglossal. 

meta-, with, together with, change in form and place, as meta- 
stasis (change in position), metamorphosis (change in form). 

para-, beside, near, abnormal, through, as parasite (one who lives 
on the food of another), paracentesis (a piercing through). 

peri-, around or about, as periosteum (membrane around bone), 
peritoneum, pericardium. 

pneumo-, air in an unnatural part, as pneumothorax. 

poly-, many, as polyuria (excessive secretion of urine), polydipsia 
(excessive thirst). 

pro-, before, forward, as prognosis (knowing beforehand the termi- 
nation of disease). 

pyo-, pus, as pyothorax, pyuria, 

syn- (sy-, syl-, sym-), with, together, as synechia (holding to- 
gether, adhesion of iris to cornea), system, systole. 

Latin Suffixes. 

-able (-ible, -ble, -ile), that may be, as soluble. 
-ac (-al, -an, -ar, etc.), like, being or relating to, as cardiac, ocular. 
-an (-ant, -ent, etc.), one who or that which, as physician, expecto- 
rant, stimulant. 



38 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

-ance (-ence, -ancy, -ency, -age, etc.), state, quality, condition, or 

act, as emergency. 
-ary (-ory, -ery), place where, as aviary. 

-ate (-ite, -ive), one who or that which is, as purgative, sedative. 
-ate, -ose (-ous), -ulent, -aceous, abounding in or having quality 

of, as saponaceous, carbonate. 
-cle, (-cule, -ule), minute, as molecule. 
-escent, becoming, as evanescent. 
-ferous, -fie, causing or producing, as soporific. 

Greek Suffixes. 

-aemia or -haemia, blood, as anaemia, pyaemia, toxaemia, 
-agogue, to lead, to carry off, as cholagogue, sialagogue, emmena- 

gogue. 
-algia, pain, as dermatalgia, neuralgia, odontalgia, proctalgia. 
-cele, hernia, rupture, as cystocele, hydrocele. 
-ectomy, extirpation, a cutting, as neurectomy, glossectomy. 
-itis, inflammation, as enteritis, cystitis, dermatitis, otitis. 
-logy, discourse, treatise, as pathology, biology, bacteriology, 

histology. 
-Old, a form or image, like, as adenoid (like a gland), cuboid, 

myoid, odontoid. 
-oma, tumor, as epithelioma, haematoma. 
-opia, vision, as myopia (near sight). 
-phobia, fear, as photophobia (fear of light), hydrophobia (dread 

of water). 
-rhagia, hemorrhage, rupture, or discharge, as enterrhagia, 

monorrhagia. 
-rhoea, transudation or flux, as diarrhoea, gonorrhoea. 

WoBDS Derived from Latin Roots. 

caput, the head. 

claudo, clausum, to shut, to close or finish. 

ducO) ductum, to lead or to draw. 

fero, latum, to bear, to carry, to bring. 

gradior, gressus, to step or to go. 

mitto, missum, to send. 

pes, pedis, foot. 

plico, plicatum, to bend, to fold or to knit. 

plecto, plexum, to twine, to weave or to knit. 

pono, positum, to put, to play or to lay. 

specio, spectum, to see or to look. 



introduction. 39 

Words Deeived from Greek Roots. 

aster, a star. hudor, water. 

chronos, time. metron, a measure. 

ge, the earth. phone, a sound. 

gramma, a letter. polis, a city. 
grapheim, to write. 

ETIOLOGY. 

What is meant by aetiology? 

It is that division of general pathology that treats of the cause 
of disease; or, it is the condition under which disease arises, or 
the agents through which disease is produced. 

How may causes be divided? 

We may divide causes into predisposing and exciting; they 
may also be divided into internal and external. 

What are predisposing causes? 

They are certain influences or conditions of the animal body 
which disposes it to the action of disease by the application of some 
exciting factor, and may be inherited or acquired. 

Anything that will place one or more tissues of the body in 
such condition as to favor the growth, development, and multipli- 
cation of micro-organisms is a predisposing cause. 

Define exciting causes. 

Exciting causes are those micro-organisms, ptomains, or 
toxins which may excite disease by operating on an already pre- 
disposed body. 

What is included under internal or intrinsic causes ? 

Internal or endopathic causes include heredity, age, previous 
disease, breed or variety, temperament, idiosyncrasy or diathesis. 

The external or exopathic causes include what? 

External or extrinsic causes include atmospheric influences, 
temperature (extreme heat or cold), faulty diet, worTc, defective 
sanitary conditions, mechanical causes, micro-organisms, etc. 

What can be said in regard to the causation of com- 
municable diseases of to-day as compared with the 
past? 

The advancement of the science of bacteriology has placed the 
aetiology of communicable diseases on a new basis. 

It is now a recognized fact that pathologists of to-day do not 



40 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

hesitate to say that each of the infectious diseases is caused by a 
definite micro-organism or the poisons produced by them. 

No doubt most all diseases are produced directly or indirectly 
by micro-organisms, ptomains, or toxins, as we know that micro- 
organisms exist most everywhere, merely waiting for the proper 
conditions for their growth and multiplication. 

What are bacteria? 

They are microscopic vegetable organisms of the simplest 
form found in air, water, soil, and decaying organic matter. They 
are fission fungi or schizomycetes, unicellular, almost always 
devoid of cholorphyll, generally unbranched, and reproduce them- 
selves by direct division or fission, spores, or gonidia. 

Name the main divisions of bacteria regarding form. 

1. The globular or spherical-shaped, called cocci; 2. straight 
rod-shaped forms called bacilli; 3. curved or corkscrew forms 
called spirilla. 

How are the cocci divided? 

Into micrococci when small in size; staphylococci or irregular 
masses ; streptococci or chains ; diplococci or pairs, tetrads, or fours, 
and sarcinse or groups of eights. 

How are bacteria divided with reference to disease ? 

In nonpathogenic and pathogenic. 

What are nonpathogenic bacteria? 

Those bacteria that do not cause disease, as the tissues are 
not in proper condition for their growth and multiplication. 

What are pathogenic bacteria? 

So called when the tissues are in such condition to allow 
them to develop and multiply in sufficient numbers to injure the 
tissues, causing disease. 

How do micro-organisms gain entrance into the body? 

Through the respiratory passages, the digestive system (espe- 
cially the pharynx), wounds of the skin (especially abrasions), 
through the generative organs, by insects, etc., and in some cases 
from mother to foetus. 

What causes them to multiply? 

Heat and moisture in the presence of decomposable organic 
matter are the main factors, especially when the surroundings are 
neutral, slightly alkaline in reaction, or in some cases very 
slightly acid. 



INTRODUCTION. 41 

What influence has sunlight on bacteria? 

It is very destructive to bacteria and especially if the rays 
of the sun come in direct contact with the bacteria. 

What effect has oxygen on bacteria? 

Some bacteria require oxygen for growth and multiplication 
and are called aerobic; others do not require oxygen and are called 
anaerobic . 

What are the functions or products of bacteria ? 

The products, functions, or manifestations of bacteria are the 
production of ptomains, toxalbumens, fermentation, pigments, 
odors, putrefaction, oxidation, nitrification, and also of diseases 
in man and animals. 

What are ptomains? 

These are crystallizable basic substances, very much like the 
vegetable alkaloids obtained from putrefying objects. 

What are toxins and toxalbumens? 

They are complex noncrystallizable substances, somewhat 
similar to albumen and protein, produced in the animal organism, 
are very poisonous and considered to be the prime cause of disease. 

What are saprophytic bacteria ? 

Those bacteria that grow outside of the animal body in dead 
decaying matter. 

What are parasitic bacteria? 

Those bacteria that grow within the living animal body. 

What conditions are necessary to constitute infection ? 

(1) The organism must be able, under proper conditions, to 
produce disease, whether it be nonpathogenic or pathogenic; 
(2) it must be parasitic, that is, have the power of growing within 
the animal body; (3) the toxins or poisons must be in sufficient 
quantity; (4) the animal body must be susceptible, that is, the 
tissues of the body must be in the proper condition for the growth 
and multiplication of the organisms in stifficient numbers. 

What conditions are usually necessary for an infectious 
agent to produce disease? 

1. The organism must be found in the tissues of the animal 
having the disease. 

2. It must be isolated. 

3. It must be grown for generations in culture media. 



42 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

4. When injected, it must produce the same disease and be 
found in the lesions. 

Name some that fulfil these conditions. 

The bacilli of glanders, tetanus, dysentery, anthrax, diph- 
theria, tuberculosis, bubonic plague, typhoid, malignant oedema; 
also pneumococcus, streptococcus pyogenes (sepsis), actinomyces, 
meningococcus, gonococcus, and spirillum cholerae. 

Other specific organisms have been found that do not have 
all the above conditions. 

MORBID ANATOMY. 
Define morbid anatomy. 

This is a division of general pathology, and is the study of 
the changes in the tissues and fluids of the body, appreciable to the 
naked eye or with the aid of the microscope. 

State some of the benefits to be derived from post-mor- 
tem examinations. 

To become expert diagnosticians it is essential to verify our 
forethoughts and conclusions by post-mortem examinations. 

We are also enabled to become familiar with the various tis- 
sues and organs in the state of health as well as in disease, all of 
which tends to aid us in future examinations of living subjects. 

SEMIOLOGY. 

Define semiology or symptomatology. 

Symptoms are the language of diseased nature; symptoms and 
signs are such alterations in the healthy functions as give evidence 
of the existence of a diseased condition or perverted function. 

Why do we study symptoms? 

We study symptoms to enable us to make a diagnosis or prog- 
nosis, and to be able to treat. 

Symptoms are how divided? 

Symptoms may be divided into objective and subjective. 

Define each. 

Symptoms are said to be objective when evident to the senses 
of the observer; subjective, when felt and complained of by the 
patient. 

Symptoms are also general or local, idiopathic or sympathetic 
(secondary), premonitory (precursory) or commemorative. 



INTRODUCTION. 43 

Symptoms may again be dividefl into diagnostic, j^i'ognostic, 
pathognomonic, theraperdic. They Tiki./ be active (dynamical), pas- 
sive (statical), positive (direct), negative (indirect). 

What is understood by a pathognomonic or pathognos- 
tic symptom ? 

K 'pathognomonic symptom is a symptom or set of symptoms 
peculiar to any particular disease. Two or more symptoms are usu- 
ally required to make them pathognostic ; for instance, in glanders, 
the ulcer, the oily-like discharge, and the swollen intermaxillary 
glands. 

GENERAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY. 

What is understood by general symptomatology ? 

It is the study of those symptoms, as pain, the pulse, expres- 
sion of the face, the tongue, and i7iucous memWanes, the respiration 
(including cough), and the temperature, not connected with any 
special disease, but with diseased processes generall}'. 

Describe the varieties of pain. 

Sharp, acute, cutting, darting, and lancinating (generally of 
intermittent character); seen in peripheral nervous troubles, as 
neuralgia and inflammation of serous membranes. Dull, gnawing, 
and more or less continuous; seen in chronic tissue change; as a 
rule,- in hepatic and splenic affections and inflammation of mucous 
membranes. Exceptions: In malignant diseases, as cancer, the pain 
is sharp. The pain is sharp, although there is chronic tissue change. 
The character of the pain varies, according to the tissue involved. 
In inflammation of the skin it is burning and itching. In inflam- 
mation of mucous membranes it is aching and throbbing. In 
inflammation of bone it is dull and boring. 

Describe the physiognomy of disease. 

Some diseases have their own physiognomy (if the expression 
be permitted), and we can only appreciate the same by continued 
observation. Certain external appearances, position of the body, 
etc., come under this head. 

What is the pulse? 

The pulse may be said to be the expansion of the artery, pro- 
duced by the wave of the blood, set in motion by the overfilling of 
the aorta at each ventricular systole. 



44 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Where may the pulse be appreciated ? 

Principally, at the lower border of the inferior maxillary bone, 
along the shin-bones, or on either side of the tail. 

Is there any relation between the pulse-beat and the 
respiration ? 

In liealth there is somewhat of a uniformity between the fre- 
quency of the pulse and the respiratory movements — about three 
or four pulse-beats to one respiration. This proportion is not con- 
stant in all animals. 

How many beats per minute are there in the normal 
pulse ? 

The pulse beats about forty times per minute. Anywhere 
from thirty-six to forty-two may be normal. The corresponding 
respirations are ten or twelve to fifteen per minute. 

In man about the same ratio exists, the average number of 
respirations being eighteen to the seventy-two pulse-beats. 

How should the abnormal pulse be studied ? 

The pulse should be studied as regards its frequency or infre- 
quency, its quickness or slowness, its largeness or smalhiess (volume 
or strength), and its hardness or softness, as well as its rhythm. 

What is understood by a frequent pulse ? 

K frequent pulse \& one in which the number of beats is greater 
than usual in a given time. 

The frequency has reference to the succession of the pulsations. 

An i7ifreque?it pulse is one in which the number of beats is less 
than usual in a given time. This often suggests brain trouble. 

What is a quick pulse ? 

A quick pulse is one in which each beat occupies less than the 
usual time, though the whole number, in a given time, may not be 
much increased. 

The quickness is leferable to the time occupied by each beat 
of the pulse. 

A jerki7ig pulse is a modified quick pulse. 



INTRODUCTION. 45 

What is meant by a slow pulse ? 

A slow or long pulse, as it is sometimes called, is the result of 
a slow auricular systole. 

Define a large pulse. 

A large pulse is seen when the volume is greater than usual. 

What is a small pulse ? 

This is where the volume is less than usual. 

What is understood by a hard pulse ? 

This is where the artery resists compression ; the pulse feels 
like a cord or quill. It is generally associated with an incompres- 
sible pulse, and seen in inflammations of serous membranes. 

What is a soft pulse ? 

A soft pulse is where the artery can be compressed. It is gen- 
erally seen in inflammation of mucous surfaces. 

What do you understand by an irregular pulse ? 

This is where the volume and duration are not uniform — that 
is, it may be a combination of either a hard, soft, frequent, infre- 
quent, large, small, strong, or weak pulse. 

Describe an intermittent pulse. 

It is where an occasional beat is omitted ; this omission may 
be regular — that is, occurring after a certain number of beats ; 
or, again, it may be irregular, occurring at various and irregular 
intervals. 

RESPIRATION (INCLUDING COUGH). 

We must remember the natural relation between the respiration 
and the pulse, which is not present in disease. In our clinical exam- 
inations and observations we must take note of the number of res- 
pirations per minute, and whether easy, calm, and full, or difficult, 
painful, and catching. 

What are some of the varieties of respiration ? 

We have accelerated hreatMng, difficult or oppressed Ireathing 
(also called dyspnoea), abdo?ninal, thoracic, irregular, and stertorous 
respiration. 



46 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Define each. 

Quickened or accelerated breathing is where there is a simple 
numerical increase of the respirations ; seen from any cause which 
increases the circulation. 

Difficult breathing, or dyspnoea, is due to some obstruction to 
the passage of air into the lungs, thus causing labored breathing ; 
seen in diseases of the larynx, trachea, etc. 

Abdominal breathing is where the muscles of that region are 
brought into play almost altogether ; seen in pleurisy, hydro-thorax. 

Thoracic breathing is where this region is entirely or mostly 
used ; seen in ascites, tympanites. 

Irregidar breathing is where there is a want of harmony be- 
tween the inspiratory and expiratory acts ; seen in pulmonary em- 
physema. 

Snoring or stertorous breathing is characterized by a peculiar 
sound, called snoring, during inspiration, and ofttimes indicates 
serious cerebral trouble. 

What is understood by a cough ? 

A cough is a deep inspiration, with the closure of the glottis, 
followed by a sudden forced expiration, which is obstructed on ac- 
count of the sudden closure of the glottis ; the abdominal muscles 
are then brought into play, pushing the intestines against the dia- 
phragm, which, in turn, presses the air in the lungs till the tension 
is such as to cause a separation of the vocal cords, with the char- 
acteristic sound called cough. 

What is the object of a cough ? 

It is to rid the air-passages of any foreign substance, which is 
generally mucus. 

What are the varieties of cough ? 

A moist cough, a dry cough, and a suppressed cough. 

Define each. 

A moist, expectorant cough is generally seen in a diseased con- 
dition of the mucous membranes of the air-passages where the 
secretion of mucus is increased. 

A hard, dry, painful, non-expectorant cough is seen where there 
is an arrest of the secretions of the air-passages. 



INTRODUCTION. 47 

A short, suppressed, and pahiful cough is seen in inflammations 
of the serous membranes of the chest. 

What symptoms are furnished by the secretions and 
excretions ? 

These are often very beneficial in aiding ns to diagnose and 
prognose. They maybe increased, diminished, or otherwise altered. 

We should inquire about the condition of the bowels and blad- 
der as regards their evacuation. Note the color (dark, bloody, 
etc.), the consistency (thick or thin), the reaction, odor, and density; 
then, again, if passed frequently and in small quantities, and if 
painful. 

In regard to the bowels, the odor, color, shape (consistency, 
quantity, and the number of times). 

Very much information may be derived by knowing the con- 
dition of the various secretions. If the secretions are diminished, 
the animal is unable to digest his food properly. 

What does the rise of temperature denote, and what is 
the normal temperature ? 

In the horse, the average normal temperature is 100° Fahren- 
heit when taken per rectum ; above that is an indication of fever. 

The temperature is very important, and it should be taken 
twice a day, and at about the same time each day, as the tempera- 
ture varies at different times of the day. 

What temperature denotes a fever ? 

A temperature rising one degree above the normal indicates 
fever ; from 101° to 103° denotes a simple or slight fever ; from 
103° to 104° a decided fever; from 104° to 106° a high fever; and 
when above 106^° it detiotes danger. 

TABLE OF THEEMOMETEIC EQUIVALENTS. 

To convert degrees Fahrenheit into degrees Centigrade, use 
the following : 

5(.-°-32). 

To convert degrees Centigrade into degrees Fahrenheit, use 
the following : 

a;0 0. = ^ + 33. 
5 



48 



PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 



DeKrees F. Degrees C. 



95 

96 

96.8 

97 

98 

98.6 

99 

99.2 

99.4 

99.6 

99.8 
100 
100.2 
100.4 
100.6 
100.8 



34.999 
35.555 
35.999 
36.111 
36.666 
36.999 
37.222 
37.333 
37.444 
37.555 
37.666 
37.777 
37.888 
37.999 
38.111 
38.222 



= 35 
= 36 

= 37 



= 38 



Degrees F. Degrees C. 



101 

101.2 

101.4 

101.6 

101.8 

102 

102.2 

102.4 

102.6 

102.8 

103 

103.6 

104 

104.2 

104.4 

104.6 



= 39 



= 38.333 
= 38.444 
= 38.555 
= 38.666 
= 38.777 
= 38.888 
= 38.999 
= 39.111 
= 39.222 
= 39.333 
= 39.444 
= 39.777 
= 39.999 = 40 
= 40.111 
= 40.222 
= 40.333 



Degrees F. 

104.8 = 

105 = 
105.2 = 
105.4 = 
105.6 = 
105.8 = 

106 = 
106.4 = 

107 = 
107.6 = 

108 = 

109 = 
109.4 = 

110 = 
111.2 = 
112 = 



Degrees C. 

40.444 

40.555 

40.666 

40.777 

40.888 

40.999 = 41 

41.111 

41.333 

41.666 

41.999 = 42 

42.222 

42.777 

42.999 = 43 

42.333 

43.999 = 44 

44.444 



Is the temperature of any prognostic value ? 

Yes ; in fevers, for instance, a steady decline denotes a favor- 
able issue, while a rising temperature shows danger. Again, if it 
remains high when it should fall, it is an unfavorable symptom. 

In regard to the indications for treatment, of what use 
is the temperature ? 

If the temperature is very high, it calls for antipyretics, as 
quinine, acetanilid, antipyrin, etc. On the other hand, if the 
temperature is low, it calls for stimulants, as alcohol, ammonium 
carbonate, etc. 

What benefit may be derived by the appearance of the 
tongue and mucous membranes ? 

The general appearance of the visible mucous membranes is 
very important and aids materially in making a diagnosis, in prog- 
nosing, and in the treatment. 



What alterations may take place ? 

Alterations in color, principally. They may become paler than 
normal in cases of anaemia ; increased redness in congestions or in- 
flammations ; yellow in liver troubles; slate-color in glanders ; blu- 
ish in chronic catarrh ; may show petechial spots, as in purpura. 



INTRODUCTION. 4& 

What symptoms are furnished by the extremities and 
the surface of the body ? 

Normally, these have a warm, genial sensation to the sense of 
feel, and variations of the temperature of these in disease are of 
major importance. 

In infiammatory processes the ears, the legs, and the surface 
of the body may be cold — may be deathly cold, as it is termed. 

If they keep cold for a length of time, it is an indication of 
trouble of a grave nature. 

If there is also present what is called a " cold sweat," the life 
is in danger. 

DIAGNOSIS. 

What is understood by the term diagnosis? 

This is a branch of general pathology, and comes from the 
Greek dia, meaning " through," and gignosko, meaning " I know " 
— I know through, or a looking through, or a thorough knowledge. 

It is the art of discriminating one disease from another, or 
the discovery of disease by means of its symptoms. 

What use is diagnosis? 

We make a diagnosis in order to enable us to prognose, and 
also to treat the various diseases. 

What is understood by a direct diagnosis? 

It is a diagnosis made when the morbid condition is revealed 
by a combination of clinical signs, or some one or more pathog- 
nostic symptoms. 

What is a differential diagnosis ? 

It is the art of discovering the disease which is present by a 
careful comparison of its symptoms with those of other diseases 
which may closely resemble it. 

What is understood by a diagnosis by exclusion ? 

It is the proving of the absence of all diseases which might 
give rise to the symptoms observed, except one. In other words, 
it is a negative proof. 

PEOGNOSIS. 

What is understood by a prognosis ? 

This is another division of general pathology, and comes from 
the Greek pro, " before," and gignosTco, meaning " I know " — " I 



50 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

know beforehand " ; or it is the art of foretelling the issue of dis- 
ease. It may be general, as in lung fever, or it may be special, as 
in any given ease. 

It is the ability or knowledge to foretell the most probable 
result of the condition present, and involves an amount of tact or 
knowledge only acquired by prolonged clinical experience. 

TEEATMEXT. 

What is treatment? 

This is the last division of general pathology, and is the most 
important object in the study of veterinary medicine, from a prac- 
tical stand-point; to learn how to cure, relieve, or prevent disease 
is of no minor importance, and it is to be remembered that this 
does not consist only in the giving of drugs, but requires strict 
and faithful attention to the diet and hygiene. 

Treatment is the art of preventing, or taking care of the 
sick and alleviating their sufferings, or of aiding and hastening 
their cure. 

What is meant by prophylactic treatment? 

This is where the object is to prevent the spread or develop- 
ment of disease ; it also receives the name of preventative treatment. 

What is understood by abortive treatment? 

This is where the disease is cut short and prevented from run- 
ning its regular course, or when the disease is to be broken up, 
although already begun. 

What is expectant treatment? 

This is where the disease is allowed to run its regular course, 
without trying to remove it, but being on guard for any obstacles 
to its successful issue; this is seen in continued fevers. 

We should try to assist Xature; do not try to improve her. 

What is meant by restorative treatment? 

This is where the aim is to build up the system and supply 
something wanting in the system, as phosphates in rickets, and 
iron in anasmia. 

What is radical treatment? 

This is where a rapid impression is made upon the system and 
the course of a disease is cut short. 



INTRODUCTION. 61 

Define palliative treatment. 

It is where suffering is allayed, or, where the disease is incur- 
able, the symptoms moderated and the suffering relieved. 



2. DISEASE. 
Define disease. 

Disease may be said to be a deviation of an organ from the 
normal, either in function or structure, or both. 

How may diseases be divided? 

Into functional and organic diseases. 

Give the definition of each. 

A functional disease is one in which there is an alteration of 
the function of an organ, there being no structural change. 

An organic disease is where there is a change in function due 
to some structural alteration. 

What is infection ? 

Infection is not only the entrance into the body of living 
micro-organisms, but also the invasion into the tissues; the latter 
being in such receptive condition as to allow the growth and mul- 
tiplication of the organisms. 

Can bacteria be in the body without infection? 

Yes. Bacteria in countless numbers are present and do no 
harm unless the tissues are in the proper condition to allow them 
to multiply in great numbers. 

Do these micro-organisms do harm ? 

They do when conditions are favorable to their growth and 
multiplication, in which case they cause diseased conditions or 
death. 

Is there any other way these bodies cause disease ? 

Yes. Some produce poisons called toxins which do the dam- 
age. The cases are called intoxications or intoxicative processes. 

What is contagion ? 

Contagion and infection are generally used to indicate one 
and the same thing. Although difficult many times to draw a line 
between them, contagion should point to those eases where the 



52 PRACTICE 0¥ EQUINE MEDICINE. 

micro-organism is directly carried from one animal to another by 
direct contact, while infection comes through the air, soil, or 
places, not being a living body. 

Define a contagious disease. 

It is a disease due to a specific cause, capable of being repro- 
duced in the body, and of being directly transmitted from the 
sick to the well; for example, glanders, small-pox. 

What is an infectious disease ? 

It is one which is due to a disease germ introduced into the 
economy from without, but not capable under ordinary conditions 
of being reproduced in the body, hence not communicated from 
one animal body to another, as influenza, tubercle. This is some- 
times called a miasmatic disease. 

Diseases are spoken of as communicable and noncommu- 
nicable. The communicable are divided into two classes — the 
specific, as glanders and small-pox, and the septic, as erysipelas. 
Communicable diseases are those that have existed in an animal 
body before. 

The noncommunicable diseases are caused by morbific agents 
which do not come from an animal body, but have their origin 
in a place or thing, as malarial fever, yellow fever in the human 
subject. 

Define a specific infectious disease. 

It is one caused by a single species of micro-organism which 
multiply in the animal body, producing general or local symptoms 
nearly the same in every case; that is, these organisms always 
produce the same disease. 

Contagion spreads how? 

Principally by absolute contact with the poison, by inocula- 
tion, by food or water, through excreta, by stable utensils, etc. 

Define a sporadic disease. 

It is one that occurs in isolated cases — that is, where a disease 
of an infectious or contagious nature manifests itself in one animal. 

What is an enzootic disease? 

This term comes from the Greek en, " in," and zoon, " an. 
animal." 

It is where a number of cases occur in a limited locality, due 
to the same cause. 



INTRODUCTION. 53 

Define an epizootic disease. 

It comes from epi, " upon," and zo'dn, " an animal." It is 
a disease that is widely spread over a community. 

What terms in human medicine describe similar con- 
ditions ? 

The terms endemic and epidemic. 

Define a panzootic disease. 

This is a disease that is infectious or contagious, and spreads 
from one country to another. 

What is a zymotic disease? 

This is a disease of a contagious nature, but produced by the 
action of a ferment. 

Name some of the uses of the ferments. 

Diastatic, which change starch into sugar; proteolytic, which 
make proteids soluble; tryptic, which are gelatin liquefiers; inver- 
tin, which change cane sugar into grape sugar, ferments that 
curdle milk. 



3. TERMINATION OF DISEASE. 

How do diseases terminate ? 

It may occur in one of three ways : either by a cure, secondary 
processes, or death. 

A cure may take place in what way? 

It may take place by a lysis, which is a gradual withdrawal of 
the diseased action — that is, a slow return to health. Or by a crisis, 
which is an abrupt ending, generally with a critical discharge — that 
is, it is a sudden change, for better or worse. Or by a metastasis, 
which is the changing from one location to another, or the shifting 
of the disease. 

What is understood by the secondary processes? 

By this is meant when the diseased action is substituted by 
a new morbid process, as rheumatism followed by heart trouble, or 
apoplexy by cerebral softening. 

What is death? 

It is a complete cessation of tissue change, or a cessation of all 
functions, the aggregation of which constitutes life ; or a complete 



64 PEACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

cessation of the bodily functions and of reconstructive change. The 
blood must be pure arterial blood, and must circulate to sustain 
life. If it stops circulating death is the result. 

What are the vital organs? 

The heart and blood-vessels, the lungs and the nervous system. 
Each of these must continue its work, or life will stop. Their 
functions are called " the vital functions " — circulation, respiration, 
and innervation. 

4. MODES OF DEATH. 

Through what channels may death occur? 

Beginning at the heart, the lungs, or the brain. 

Death beginning at the heart takes place how ? 

It may take place in one of two ways : suddenly or by syncope, 
or by a gradual cessation. Death by syncope may occur in one of 
two ways : by asthenia and loss of irritability — that is, without the 
strength to contract ; or by tonic spasm, where the organ remains 
contracted till death. By gradual cessation of function, it takes 
place by anaemia ; this is seen after a hemorrhage, where there is 
insufficient quantity and quality of the blood. 

How does death occur by anaemia ? 

The heart must have blood and the power to keep life in ex- 
istence ; in angemia there is not enough blood, and it is of too poor 
a quality to nourish the tissues. The heart may have the power to 
contract, but it is empty. 

How does asthenia cause death? 

This comes from a, " without," and sthenos, " strength." It 
may take place suddenly when caused by lightning, blows in the 
abdomen (causing death by paralysis of ganglia). The heart is di- 
lated and filled with blood, but unable to contract. It takes place 
slowly, as seen in long lingering diseases, where there is loss of 
nerve force, as in pleurisy; or, again, in animals that are starved; 
or, if any part of the alimentary tract is occluded by tumors, con- 
strictions and the like. 

Death beginning at the lungs occurs how? 

The blood remains partly venous l^y some obstacle of the en- 
trance of air to the lungs, and occurs when the respiratory muscles 
fail to act. 



« 



INTRODUCTION. 55 

This is improperly called asphyxia, which is, literally, pulse- 
less; it is more properly called apnoea (suffocation). 

First, when sudden, as from suffocation, or strangulation, or 
drowning. 

Second, when more slowly, as from pulmonary apoplexy, con- 
gestion, as when the animal is driven to death, the blood accumu- 
lates in the vessels of the lungs. Asphyxia means without pulse, 
while apnoea means without breath. 

In what cases is death due to asphyxia? 

In such cases as drowning, inhaling poisonous gases, as smoke, 
etc., and also choking. In tetanus, or strychnine poisoning, the 
chest- walls become immovable; again, injury to the spinal column 
high up in the cervical region (pithing). The entrance of air in 
the pleural cavity, or a great effusion. 

How does death from apncea occur? 

In acute lung diseases the air cannot pass down; here venous 
blood circulates in the arteries. In tympanitic colic the gas presses 
the diaphragm against the lungs and shuts out the air. 

Death beginning at the brain takes place how ? 

It takes place by coma, which means a deep sleep. In coma 
the function of the brain is suspended and causes secondary trouble, 
as the want of contraction of the chest- walls. Apoplexy (hemor- 
rhage in the brain), or pressure of fluids, causes death at the heart, 
but primarily at the brain, as seen in cerebral meningitis, where 
the products of the inflammation cause pressure. Certain drugs, 
as opium, if used improperly, will cause death in this way. Certain 
waste products, as urea, accumulating in the blood, cause ursemia. 



SECTION II. 

INFLAMMATION. 

Define inflammation. 

It is a series of changes which take place in the living tissue, 
when injured, provided its vitality and structure have not been de- 
stroyed. 

What is the first step to an inflammation ? 

Irritation. 

What occurs miscroscopically in the tissues ? 

1. Vascular changes (changes in the vessels and circulation). 

2. Exudative changes (exudation of the liquor sanguinis and 
emigration of the blood-cells). 

3. Parenchymatous changes (alteration in the nutrition of the 

tissues). 

Explain the vascular changes. 

The first change observed is a change in the circulation ; there 
is a change of color of the part, which becomes red and congested; 
the vessels dilate, and more blood is brought to the part. The 
hyperaemia is active at first — that is, there is an increased amount 
of blood in the vessels, and more blood is brought to the affected 
part by the capillaries. The current soon becomes slower, the blood- 
vessels contract, and finally the flow may stop altogether ; this is 
called stasis. 

Which cells migrate ? 

Both the red and the white corpuscles. 

Describe the exudation of the liquor sanguinis and the 
emigration of the cells. 

The liquor sanguinis goes through the walls into the surround- 
ing tissues and forms lymph; it coagulates, on account of contain- 
ing fibrin factors. 

56 



INFLAMMATION. 57 

The looser the meshes, the more effusion and the less pain. If 
the structure is tough and resisting, the pain becomes intense. The 
white cells stick to sides of the vessels, the red remaining in the 
centre of the stream. The white gradually go through the walla 
of the vessels and get outside. 

Where the stasis is more marked the red cells do the same. 

What are the parenchymatous changes ? 

The cellular elements of the tissues undergo change in form 
and nutrition. The chemical interchanges which constitute normal 
nutrition, and which are carried on between the cells of the tissue 
and the liquid furnished to the cells by the blood, are modified in 
character or extent, and the cells themselves are modified in form. 
The white cells increase in size and divide, and the connective-tissue 
cells do the same ; some form new cells, while others undergo fatty 
degeneration. 

What is the aetiology of inflammation ? 

The causes may be traumatic, toxic, parasitic, infectious, con- 
stitutional, trophic, metastatic. 

How does traumatism cause inflammation? 

Either mechanically, in shape of cuts, pressure, crushing, etc. ; 
or physically — extreme heat or cold, electricity, modification of 
temperature ; or chemically — acids, alkalies. 

What are the toxic causes ? 

These act indirectly from chemicals introduced from without, 
as arsenic, phosphorus, etc.; or are formed in the body, as the 
products of putrefactive changes. 

In what way do parasites cause inflammation ? 

The vegetable parasites are mostly fungi, and act locally on the 
skin and mucous membranes, as favus, thrush. The animal parasites 
act locally at their entrance, or in remote parts, from reproduc- 
tion. 

The infectious causes are what? 

The diseases produced in this way are caused by bacilli special 
to that particular disease, as the bacilli of tuberculosis, glanders, 
erysipelas, etc. 



58 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Explain the constitutional causes, the trophic causes, the 
metastatic causes, and the spontaneous causes. 

The constitutional causes of inflammation are certain clianges 
in the composition of the blood. The trophic causes are supposed 
to take place through the nervous system. The metastatic causes 
are where a disease shifts from one place to another, as pneumonia 
followed by laminitis. Spontaneous inflammations do not exist, 
and the term should not be used, although when we are unable to 
attribute any cause we say spontaneous, in order to differentiate. 

What are the clinical symptoms of inflammation ? 

These are called local or cardinal symptoms, and are redness, 
swelling, pai?i, and heat; to these we add a fifth — impaired function^ 

The redness is due to what? 

It is due to an increase in the amount of blood in the part. 
The presence or absence of redness is not proof of the presence or 
absence of inflammation. 

What causes the swelling? 

First, the congestion of the vessels of the part, and, secondly, 
the exudation of the liquor sanguinis. 

How is the pain produced? 

It is caused by pressure on the nerves by the inflammatory exu- 
dation, and is called inflammatory pain. Pain is not always signifi- 
cant of inflammation, as neuralgic pain or the pain in colic. 

What causes the heat? 

The increase in the amount of blood in the part, causing in- 
creased chemical changes. 

The impairment of function is how explained ? 

This cannot always be appreciated directly, but is of much 
clinical importance. In brain troubles, coma or delirium; in bowel 
trouble, diarrhoea ; in stomach trouble, anorexia. 

Enumerate some of the general symptoms of inflamma- 
tion. 

The general or constitutional symptoms vary with the kind, 
form, and seat of the inflammation. They are very important and 
are indicative of symptomatic fever, showing the nature of the dis- 



i 



INFLAMMATION". 69 

ease, which may be internal. Nervous symptoms may be present, 
as pains of various sorts, according to the location. Vascular symp- 
toms, changes in the pulse, etc. Respiratory symptoms, as those 
already alluded to. Digestive changes may be prominent, some 
alterations in the secretions and excretions, or some interference 
with the nutritive processes. 

What are the forms of inflammation as regards their 
situation ? 

They are superficial when the outer parts of an organ are in- 
volved, and deep when the deeper portions are the seat. 

The deeper inflammations may be parenchymatous when the 
tissue proper is involved, and interstitial when the connective tissue 
is involved. 

What is an exudation ? 

It is derived from ex, meaning " out," and sudo, signifying " I 
sweat." It is an accumulation of lymph, or serum, or jDlasma, or 
fibrin, or corpuscles (red or white), or a combination of any two or 
all of the above named. 

Name the varieties of exudation. 

Serous or fibrino-serous, fibrinous, jmrulent or fibrino-purulent, 
catarrhal, croupous, diphtheritic, hemorrhagic. 

Describe serous or fibrino-serous exudation. 

The exudations of inflammations of serous membranes consist 
of serum, fibrin, or pus, in variable proportions. The first change 
causing a serous exudation is an increased amount of blood in the 
blood-vessels of a part ; then a coagulation of fibrin elements. 

If the inflammation occurs in the pleura or peritoneum, serum 
is mostly always present, and, if in great amount, it is called a serous 
exudation. If part be serum and part fibrin, it is called o, fibrino- 
serous exudation. 

What are a fibro-purulent and a purulent exudation ? 

When leucocytes are present in large numbers, the exudation 
is termed fibrino-purulent. The greater the intensity of the inflam- 
mation and the more enfeebled the patient, the more likely is pus 
to form. When there is a quantity of pus present it becomes & puru- 
lent exudation. If blood be i^resent from a rupture of capillary 
vessels, the exudation is termed a hemorrhagic exudation. 



60 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINi:. 

What is a fibrinous exudation ? 

New connective-tissue cells are formed, the membrane becomes 
thickened, and elevations ai-e present on the surface of the mem- 
brane, causing adhesions. This new connective tissue is rich in 
capillary vessels at first. Soon the new tissue contracts, fatty de- 
generation commences, and absorption takes place. 

Inflammations of mucous membranes are of what char- 
acter? 

Catarrhal, croupous, or diphtheritic. 

Explain a catarrhal mucous inflammation. 

In acute cases the mucous membranes are drier in the begin- 
ning and congested. Soon the glands secrete, and the mucus may 
be thicker or thinner than normal, and has an acrid or irritating 
quality. 

Do mucous exudations coagulate ? 

Mucous exudations do not coagulate, but adhere somewhat 
closely to the surface of the inflamed membrane ; these changes are 
accompanied by a shedding of the superficial epithelial cells. 

What takes place if pus-cells are formed ? 

If the catarrhal inflammation is of a purulent nature, the above 
condition is present, together Avith a darkening of the mucous mem- 
brane and the formation of pus-cells. The amount of pus will in- 
dicate the intensity and character of the inflammation. 

What are the changes in chronic catarrhal inflamma- 
tions ? 

The blood-vessels are either increased in size and number, or 
they are less numerous and more swollen, giving the membrane a 
grayish appearance. 

Describe croupous inflammations of mucous surfaces. 

The hypergemia is more intense than in the catarrhal inflam- 
mations, the membrane becomes of a dark, livid color and swollen; 
soon the free surface shows a fibrinous exudation, which takes the 
place of the epithelium and lies upon the sub-epithelial structures. 
Enclosed in the meshes are epithelial and pus cells. The exudation 
varies in thickness, and may be in patches or extend over a consid- 
erable surface. At first it is firm, hard, and adheres closely, but 
soon it becomes softer and can be easily detached from the sub- 
jacent membrane. 



INFLAMMATION. 61 

What is diphtheritic inflammation of mucous surfaces ? 

By some this form is regarded as the same as the cronpous 
variety. 

The hyperaemia seems more intense, the infiltration more ex- 
tensive, the fibrinous exudation more abundant and granular; great- 
er changes take place in the epithelial and tissue cells, the membra- 
nous exudation cannot be removed without a loss of substance, and 
multitudes of bacteria, especially the micrococci, are found on the 
surface and in the infiltrated tissues beneath. Sometimes the press- 
ure is so great as to cut off the nutrition, the part dying and slough- 
ing away. 

What is meant by a parenchymatous inflammation ? 

In this form the cells proper of the organs — that is, the cells 
which perform the function — are the parts affected. 

In acute parenchymatous inflammations what takes 
place ? 

If mild, the cells increase in size, are granular, opaque, and 
their functional activity is increased; the blood-vessels contain more 
blood, the stroma is infiltrated with serum, and the affected organ 
is slightly increased in bulk, which, however, returns to the normal 
if resolution takes place. 

If the inflammation be intense in character and prolonged, 
the cells are destroyed, the circulation checked, the stroma is in- 
filtrated with serum and pus, the organ increased in size, of a 
purplish color, and the functional activity arrested. Fatty change 
takes place and the cells disintegrate, the walls of the blood-vessels 
become thicker, the calibre lessened or obliterated, the stroma 
increased on account of the new tissue being formed, the function 
becomes impaired and never returns to the normal, owing to the 
permanent changes. 

Describe an interstitial inflammation. 

The connective tissue of the organ becomes affected. If acute, 
suppuration usually occurs, which is limited to small areas, or it 
may be diffused. If only a few pus-cells form, resolution is pos- 
sible, while if many pus-cells are present abscesses develop which 
have firm walls. If chronic, which is generally the case, it ends in 
induration and cirrhosis by the formation of new connective tissue 
without the formation of pus. The new tissue corresponds in kind 
to the original stroma of the organ, and is permanent, the affected 
organ never returning to the normal. 



62 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What kinds of inflammations are there ? 

Specific and non-specific. 

Define specific inflammations. 

Specific inflammations are those caused by bacteria that repro- 
duce the same local inflammation with certain definite constitu- 
tional symptoms, and never cause any other, as glanders, actino- 
mycosis, tuberculosis. 

What is a non-specific inflammation ? 

It is one caused by bacteria which do not produce their own 
kind, and one can never tell the form of inflammation that may 
occur, as synovitis, peritonitis, cellulitis, gangrene. 

How may inflammations terminate? 

They may terminate in resolution, production, or destruction. 

What is meant by resolution ? 

This is where the symptoms of inflammation subside and a 
favorable termination takes place; the parts are restored to their 
normal condition. The liquid portion of the exudation becomes 
absorbed, the cellular elements undergo fatty degeneration and 
are also absorbed. 

Explain the meaning of production. 

When inflammations end in production, there is the formation 
of new connective tissue, which in many instances becomes a per- 
manent part of the body. This new tissue may fill up a gap where 
there has been a loss of tissue, and is called a scar. When opposed 
surfaces are united by the new-formed tissue, the term adhesion 
is used. 

How may inflammations end in destruction ? 

Ulceration, suppuration, or mortification may take place. This 
occurs when the nutrition of the inflamed tissue is so diminished 
as to be insufficient for its preservation. The more complete the 
stagnation in the blood-vessels, the more likely the part is to die. 

What is ulceration ? 

This may be said to be molecular death. It is one of the ter- 
minations of inflammation and is a solution of continuity without 
a tendency to heal or the formation of pus on a free surface. There 
is a destructive inflammation, with a loss of substance, on the skin 



INFLAMMATION. 63 

or mucous membranes, and the spot remaining after a loss of sub- 
stance is called an ulcer. 

Explain the termination of inflammation by suppuration. 

There is the formation of pus, and caused largely by micro- 
organisms. The pus formations may be local (in one large abscess), 
or they may be diffused (distributed in smaller points). 

What is gangrene or mortification ? 

This is the death of a part due to a stoppage of the nutrition, 
and the part dies. The part thrown off is called a slough. If the 
tissue be soft the dead portion is called a sphacelus; if of hard 
tissue, as bone, it is called necrosis, while gangrene of the blood 
is called necrcemia. 

What are the indications for treatment of inflammations ? 

First, try to ascertain the cause and remove it. If due to 
chemicals, give their antidotes; if due to a new growth, destroy 
it; if a mechanical body, remove it; if an irritant to the stomach 
or bowels, give emetics or purges. When the cause cannot be 
found, treat the symptoms as they arise, which is usually the mode 
of treatment for most internal inflammations. In olden times 
bleeding was extensively resorted to, but has now been almost en- 
tirely abandoned, except, possibly, in young plethoric animals. In 
large cities the animals usually require all the blood they have to 
withstand the disease. 

Aconite or veratrum viride have important actions, in the first 
stages of acute inflammations, on the heart, which is excitable, 
beats strongly and rapidly; again, the vessels of the inflamed part 
are dilated at first, causing a congestion, which should be overcome 
before stasis takes place. 

After the first stages, the treatment should be almost the op- 
posite; instead of sedatives, stimulants should be given to increase 
the blood-current to try to overcome the obstruction; nitro-glycerin 
is here an important drug, and it may be combined with strophan- 
thus and digitalis. 

Other drugs commonly used are ammonium carbonate, alcohol, 
belladonna, quinine, opium, potassium iodide, potassium nitrate, 
colchicum, nux vomica. 

What is the local treatment of inflammation ? 

Hot fomentations, in the shape of hot water, hot poultices, 
especially if suppuration is present and we desire to hasten it. The 



64 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

application of cold in other eases, ice-bags, ice-water, to retard sup- 
puration. Counter-irritation, in the shape of mustard, blisters, 
liniments, etc. The use of disinfectants, both internally and ex- 
ternally, should not be forgotten. Eegulate the diet and the hy- 
gienic surroundings. 

What is meant by atrophy? 

It is a diminution in the amount of a tissue, either in size or 
number of its histological elements, accompanied by loss of weight 
and impairment of function. Atrophy may be simple and numer- 
ical; also general and partial. 

What is understood by degeneration ? 

It is an alteration in the quality of a tissue, with impairment 
of function. Degeneration may be divided into two classes: In- 
fiUration and metamorphosis. 

Define each. 

Infiltration is where foreign matter from without is deposited 
inside the cells, the cells not being destroyed nor their function 
interfered with. 

Met am or pilosis is where the cell is changed into some other 
substance. There is destruction and softening of the cell. 



SECTION III. 

CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES. 

How are diseases classified ? 

They are classiiitd into Geneeal Diseases and Local Dis- 
eases. 

How are general diseases subdivided ? 

They are subdivided into I. Fevee; II. Blood Diseases; 
III. Infectious Diseases ; IV. Constitutional Diseases. 

What are included under the head of local diseases ? 

The diseases of the various organs or systems which are not 
included under the head of general diseases. 

I. GENERAL DISEASES. 

FEVER. 
Define fever. 

Fever may be defined to be an altered condition of the body 
heat, or a combination of disturbances in the physiological pro- 
cesses of the body, whose most frequent and outward sign is the 
rise in temperature. 

How is the heat of the body maintained ? 

First, Heat must be produced or introduced into the body; 
secondhj, it must be discharged from the system; and, thirdly, a 
balancing process is required to regulate the same, which is the 
nervous system. 

How are fevers characterized? 

1. By the temperature being elevated. 

2. By an increase in the circulation. 

3. By a change in the secretions of the body. 

4. By a ivasting of the tissues of the body. 

What kinds of fevers are there ? 

There may be said to be two kinds — essential fever and symp- 
tomatic fever. 

65 



66 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Define each. 

Essential fever (sometimes called idiopathic fever) is one in 
which no local affection causes the symptoms of fever, although 
lesions may arise during its progress. 

Symptomatic fever (organic or secondary fever) is one depend- 
ent on an acute inflammation. 

How many stages may fever be divided into for study? 

Into three stages: 

1. Initial, pyrogenetic, or stage of attaclc. 

2. Fastigium, acme, or stage of development. 

3. Defervescence, or stage of decline. 

What takes place during the first stage of fever ? 

A chill or rigor usually precedes, which lasts one or two hours 
or may be very short; the hair on the body stands erect, is dry, 
and is designated a staring coat. Muscular tremblings are present, 
the legs and ears are cold to the feel, the surface of the body being 
of an uneven temperature; there is dulness and depression of the 
animal, the head down, and little or no notice is taken of the sur- 
roundings. Muscular pain is present, shown by the animal resting 
a limb and showing no desire to move. 

The pulse is small, quick, and hard, giving the impression of 
a cord or quill. 

The respirations are short and quick, otherwise not altered in 
character. 

The temperature is elevated to 102°, 103°, 104° F., even when 
the surface of the body is cool. 

The visible mucous membranes are pale or bluish in color, and 
feel colder than natural. The secretions are diminished, as well 
as the excretions. The appetite is impaired. 

Describe the second stage of fever. 

This is called the hot stage, or stage of development. The 
muscular contractions relax, the blood fills up the cutaneous ves- 
sels, the hair falls, is smoother, glossy, and may be moist after a 
time, with perspiration, which generally takes place at the onset 
in patches, and the surface of the body is warmer to the feel, the 
temperature being increased. 

The pulse changes; it becomes softer and fuller, but still re- 
mains rapid. 



TEVERS. 67 

The respirations are freer, but still accelerated; the mucous 
membranes are heightened in color, the animal loses the dulness, 
pricks up its ears, looks around, and takes more notice. 

There is an absence of secretions and excretions, very little 
if any urine and faeces being voided, and if so in small quantity 
and high-colored. Changes in the tissues take place from the con- 
ditions present, and emaciation begins. 

Thirst is prominent, appetite still more or less impaired, the 
temperature remains high for two or three days or more, until defer- 
vescence takes place. 

What occurs in the third stage of fever ? 

When the fever is at its height, the temperature begins to fall 
and the symptoms of fever to subside. "When the fever is high 
the organs cannot perform their functions thoroughly, but as soon 
as it falls the organs begin to act. 

Fever may end suddenly or slowly — that is, there may be a 
sudden dropping of the temperature or a gradual reduction to the 
normal. 

Name the forms of fever. 

Four forms of fever have been recognized, namely: Simple^, 
inflammatory, nervous, hectic. 

Simple fever is what? 

This is a slight form of fever, with no local complications. 
Often seen in young and vigorous animals. 

Define inflammatory fever. 

This is also called synocha, and is associated with some inflam- 
matory conditions. The chill is very severe, the temperature high, 
great depression and prostration are present. 

Explain nervous fever. 

This is termed typhoid fever, but it is a question whether ty- 
phoid fever really exists in the horse. The temperature is irregu- 
lar, pulse weak and quick, the visible mucous membranes are dry 
and covered with a gluey secretion, extremities cold, diarrhoea, and 
signs of collapse. 

What is understood by hectic fever? 

This is called marasmatic fever, or fever of emaciation. 
This is a form of fever associated with chronic affections where 
wounds exist, and is characterized by progressive emaciation. 



eS PRACTICE OF EQUINE MKDICHSTE. 

As regards the progress, how are fevers divided? 

Into conlinued, periodical, and eruptive. 

Define a continued fever. 

A continued fever is one characterized by the temperature being 
more or less elevated throughout the disease. 

What is understood by a periodical fever? 

This is a fever characterized by the distinct periodicity of the 
symptoms, having intervals when the patient is wholly or com- 
pletely free from fever. 

What is a remittent fever? 

This is a paroxysmal fever, characterized by exacerbations, 
the patient having more or less fever throughout the disease. 

The febrile phenomena are truly continuous, but they increase 
from time to time and diminish at others. 

Define an intermittent fever. 

In this form the fever totally disappears during a certain time, 
to reappear again after a determined lapse of time. This is called 
fever and ague, or chills and fever, in the human subject, and is 
caused by the bacillus malaria. 

Intermittent fever may assume what types? 

When the fever occurs daily and the apyrexia lasts twenty-four 
hours, it is called quotidian. When the fever occurs every third 
day, the apyrexia lasting forty-eight hours, it is called tertian. 
When the apyrexia lasts seventy-two hours, the attacks taking place 
every first and fourth day, it is called quartan. 

Enumerate some of the causes of fever. 

Excitement, sudden atmospheric changes, infection, conges- 
tion of an organ, changes in the composition of the blood, hemor- 
rhages, inflammation, gangrene, suppuration. 

Give the indications for treatment of fever. 

1st. Reduce the symptoms of fever, as excitement, respiratory 
disturbance, and elevated temperature, especially if excessive. 
2d. Assist the system to establish a reaction. 
3d. Comhat unexpected symptoms. 
The indications, then, for treatment are: Reduce the tempera- 



BLOOD DISEASES. 69 

ture, regulate the circulation, keep up secretions, and give easily 
digested food. 

During the chill, warm blankets, legs hand-rubbed and ban- 
daged, a light, clean, well-ventilated stall, but of moderate tem- 
perature. 

If the pulse is strong and full at the onset, aconite or veratrum 
viride may be used; in other cases stimulants may be indicated, 
such as ammonium carbonate, alcohol. 

// the temperature be very high, quinine, antifebrin, antipyrin, 
acetanilid, salines, as potassium nitrate in drinking-water or food. 

Laxatives, or even purges, may be indicated. 

Careful attention to the food is important. Bran mashes, 
grass, carrots, apples, steamed oats, and small quantities of hay. 
Coax the animal to eat, if only a small quantity. 



II. DISEASES OR CHANGES IN THE BLOOD. 

ANEMIA. 

What are the synonyms ? 

Spanaemia, hydrsemia, oligocythsemia. 
Oligcemia is a lessening in the amount of blood. 
Ischcemia is a localized anaemia. 

Define anaemia. 

It is a condition where there is a diminution in the number 
of red blood-corpuscles and albumin. 

What is the aetiology? 

May occur in very young or very old animals; nervous, irri- 
table horses, as well as pregnancy, all act as predisposing causes. 

Insufficient quantity and quality of food, bad hygienic sur- 
roundings, overwork, lack of exercise, drains on the system from 
acute or chronic diseases. 

Poisons in the blood, suppurations, repeated purgings or bleed- 
ings, excessive weather, either hot or cold, are also among the 
causes. 

What are the post-mortem appearances ? 

The tissues are pale, thin, shrunken, and bloodless. If the 
disease is of long standing, fatty changes can be noticed in the 
various tissues. The blood is thinner and coagulates imperfectly, 



70 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

from the diminution of the fibrin elements; the blood is brighter 
in color, on account of the lessened number of red blood-cells and 
the amount of hsemoglobin. 

Give the symptoms of anaemia. 

There is pallor of the mucous membranes; the Schneiderian, 
the conjunctiva, and the mucous membranes of the mouth are pallid 
or often bluish. At times there is catarrh of these membranes. 
There are less oxygen carriers, and thus the temperature of the 
body is lowered; the extremities are cold to the feel, a cold sweat 
being often present. 

There is muscular weakness, a small, frequent, feeble, and 
compressible pulse; there is a soft systolic murmur over the heart, 
difficult to detect in our animals; the heart-sounds are muffled, 
and there is a venous hum in the jugular. 

The respirations are accelerated, especially on the least exer- 
tion, the animal being very easily fatigued. - The appetite becomes 
impaired, as does digestion. (Edematous swellings are often seen 
on the under surface of the abdomen and along the sheath. The 
skin becomes harsh and dry. 

How is anaemia diagnosed? 

The diagnosis can be readily made by the symptoms. 

What is the prognosis ? 

It is determined by the conditions present; favorable if seen 
early and the horse is not too old and run down, and the anaemia 
is not due to organic changes, the result of malnutrition. 

Outline the treatment of anaemia. 

Remove the cause, if possible. Give laxatives or purgatives, 
according to the indications, and follow these by the use of stom- 
achic tonics to aid digestion. For the anfemia, give iron, with 
quinine and ginger; other drugs indicated are strychnine, arsenic, 
phosphorus, gentian, mineral acids. 

Build up the system by the proper quantity and quality of 
food. Stimulants are often indicated. Good hygienic conditions, 
such as pure air and sunlight, are very essential. Moderate exercise, 
short of fatigue; turning out to grass in most cases. 



BLOOD DISEASES. 71 



POLYCYTHEMIA. 

What are the synonyms ? 

Plethora, polyemia, pol3''[emia. 

Define polycythaemia. 

This is a condition with an increase in the number of red blood- 
globules and albumin. 

What are the symptoms and diagnosis ? 

There is danger of congestion of various organs. Hemor- 
rhages may be present; the veins are prominent and full of blood. 
The pulse is quick, strong, and full, the heart-beat is more distinct, 
the temperature rises a little, the surface of the body feels warm, 
the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes become reddened. 

The biagnosis is easy, plethora not being a disease itself, but 
leads to disease. 

What are the post-mortem appearances? 

The tissues are of a deep red color on account of the blood- 
vessels being engorged. Capillary hemorrhages may be present. 

What are the causes of plethora ? 

It occurs mostly in young, vigorous animals, before they get 
their growth, especially when they are fed on highly nutritious 
food in large quantities and not enough exercise in proportion. 

What treatment is recommended? 

Eeduee the system, principally by dieting, giving a less amount 
of food of a bland nature, and advise exercise. 

General bloodletting is recommended in some cases, although 
purging acts about as well and is more commonly used. An aloetic 
pill, linseed oil, or some of the salines. 

LEUCOCYTILEMIA. 

Give the synonyms. 

Leukaemia, or leucsemia. 

Define leucocythaemia. 

It is a general disease, rather chronic in its course, character- 
ized by an increase of the white cells, with an enlargement of the 
spleen, lymphatics, and marrow of the bone. 



72 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Give the causation. 

This disease was first described by Bennett, and then by Vir- 
chow, in 1845; it occurs in the horse, dog, ox, pig, and cat. 

The real cause and nature of the disease are not very well un- 
derstood, although it is probably of specific origin. 

What is the morbid anatomy ? 

There is an increase in the number of white corpuscles, aver- 
aging about one white to fifty, twenty, or fifteen of the red blood- 
cells, whereas, normally, the proportion is about one to three hun- 
dred and fifty or five hundred. 

The blood is very pale and watery, and hardly stains the hands. 
It coagulates very slowly, having three layers — the huffy coat, then 
the pus-like layer, and the crassementum — whereas, normally, the 
blood, after coagulating, is all one color; when three layers are 
present, it is said to be pathognomonic of this affection. 

If the heart be examined, it will be found filled with clots which 
are soft and greasy-like. The spleen is enlarged, weighing as much 
as ten to fourteen pounds, whereas, normally, it weighs from one 
and one-half to one and three-quarter pounds. Peyer's patches, 
the lymphatics, or the marrow of the bone may be involved in this 
disease. If one of these enlarged glands be cut through, the sec- 
tion is soft and smooth, and the cut surface presents a dirty white 
color, which, if scraped with a knife, a pus-like fluid is obtained, 
found to contain mostly leucocytes when looked at under the mi- 
croscope. 

What are the symptoms? 

Early, the symptoms resemble those of simple anemia. The 
symptoms usually show themselves slowly, and the first thing no- 
ticed is the loss of strength and energy; the horse seems to become 
lazy, while formerly it was high-lifed and vigorous, it now becomes 
fatigued on the least exertion, puffs, and breaks out in a sweat. 
There is thirst, capricious appetite, feeble and accelerated pulse, 
the temperature varies from 101° to 104° F.; constipation early, 
followed by diarrhoea. 

As the disease progresses, the animal gets weaker and weaker, 
knuckles over, has signs of vertigo, roaring due to the enlarged 
glands, in which case the horse stands with the legs separated and 
head extended in order to get air. 

Death is due to asthenia and is preceded by delirium and coma. 



BLOOD DISEASES, 73 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

By the history and symptoms; also by the examination per 
rectum, which reveals enlarged lymphatics in the abdominal cav- 
ity near the kidneys; also by the examination of the blood under 
the microscope. 

What is the prognosis ? 

It is very rarely diagnosed before death, and the prognosis is 
very unfavorable. 

What treatment may be employed ? 

The various drugs used seem to be of no avail, as the animals 
become weaker and weaker, and finally succumb. 

The treatment is symptomatic; iron may be given; also ar- 
senic, quinine, ergot, cod-liver oil, oil of eucalyptus, iodide of po- 
tassium. Inhalations of oxygen have been recommended. 

Good food, as well as good hygienic conditions, are of the 
utmost importance. 

HYPERINOSIS. 

Name the synonym. 

Hyperplasma. 

What is hyperinosis ? 

It is a condition where there is an increase of the fibrin in the 
blood. 

What is the pathology ? 

It is a condition present in all inflammatory processes, and in 

some debilitating diseases. 

Normally, the average amount of fibrin in the blood is two to 
four parts per thousand, while in this condition about fifteen parts 
are present. In inflammations of various organs, the fibrin elements 
are apt to form heart-clots. 

What can be used in these cases ? 

Heart-clots can be prevented usually by the use of diffusible 
stimulants, such as ammonium muriate and carbonate, potassium 
carbonate, sulphate or nitrate, or sodium sulphate or carbonate. 

Good food to help build up the system. Iron and mineral acids 
may be used. 



74 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

HYPINOSIS. 

What is the synonym? 

Hypoplasma. 

Define hypinosis. 

It is a condition of the blood in which the fibrin is diminished. 

In what diseases or conditions does it exist ? 

It is present in purpura haemorrhagica, in angemia, in pro- 
longed suppurations, in animals overworked, with improper food. 
There is a defective coagulating power of the blood, which is not 
perfectly arterialized. 

What are the indications for treatment? 

Build up the system by giving good food, moderate exercise, 
fresh air. Tonics, stimulants, etc., are also beneficial. 

III. INFECTIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES. 

INFLUENZA. 

What are the synonyms? 

Catarrhus epizooticus (epizootic catarrh), febris catarrhalis 
(catarrhal fever), pink-eye, horse ail, horse disease, typhoid fever, 
la grippe, gastro-conjunctivitis. 

Define influenza. 

It is a specific febrile disease, assuming various forms, char- 
acterized by a catarrh of the mucous membranes of the respiratory 
tract, and in some instances of the digestive tract, and associated 
with marlced debility out of all proportion to the intensity of the 
fever and the catarrhal symptoms. 

The name influenza was given by the Italians, who believed 
the disease to be due to some influence of the stars. 

What are the forms? 

Simfle, thoracic, abdominal, rheumatic. The organs of vision, 
of respiration, of circulation, of digestion, of innervation, as well 
as the subcutaneous tissues, may be involved. 

What is the aetiology? 

The cause of equine influenza has been one of the hidden 
mysteries and is still so, although the cocco-bacillus found by 
Ligniers in the exudate and in the blood is given as the cause. 

Overwork, sudden changes of temperature, improper care and 
feeding, bad air, etc., are conditions which aid in the development 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 75 

and growth of the specific germ. It travels in the air and seems 
to attack the animal suddenly. 

The horse, donkey, mule, dog, as well as man, may become 
affected. 

Give the pathology of influenza. 

Lesions peculiar to this affection are not positive. The 
mucous membrane of the stomach, more especially the pyloric end, 
together with that of the small intestines, shows hypersemia, is 
swollen and ecchymosed. The mucous membrane of the nasal 
cavity and the larynx is swollen and congested. In other cases 
the brain, spinal cord or spleen may show changes. 

What are the clinical features of this disease ? 

The fever, the catarrh, and the symptoms referable to the 
nervous system. These conditions are independent of influenza, 
and are each due to the infecting principle. One of these may be 
more severe than the others; the fever is not the result of the 
catarrhal inflammation, nor are the symptoms of the nervous sys- 
tem the result of the other two. 

The gastric mucous membrane may be congested, and in some 
cases that of the intestines ; there is usually more or less extensive 
inflammation of the respiratory organs. 

The bronchial glands are enlarged and softened ; the right side 
of the heart contains pale but firm clots, the bronchial mucous 
membrane is reddened and oedematous. Hemorrhage into the eyes, 
lungs, and brain may take place. 

What is the period of incubation ? 

It varies from about twenty-four hours to six or seven days. 

Give some of the most important symptoms. 

On account of influenza assuming numerous forms, the symp- 
toms will vary accordingly. This disease is remarkable for the vari- 
ety of symptoms. 

Simple or catarrhal influenza, the most common form, comes 
on suddenly, in some cases preceded by a chill ; there is loss of 
appetite, a cough, a congestion of the mucous membrane of the 
nose and eyes, which is swollen, reddened, and dry at the onset, 
causing sneezing or snorting, soon to become moist from the secre- 
tion, at first thin and watery, later becoming thicker and pus-like. 
From this redness and tumefaction of the mucous membrane of eye 
the disease has been called pinlc-eye. The eyes are half-closed. 



76 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

the pupils contracted, photophobia, the sclerotic coat often yellow 
in color, extremities swollen, pitting on pressure, and are more or 
less painful, shown by the raising of the leg, especially if pressure 
be made with the fingers. 

There is marked debility and prostration, shown by the stag- 
gering and cross-legged gait of the animal. In standing in the 
stall, the head is lowered (hangs his head), there is a depressed 
appearance, takes little if any notice, apparent headache, pulse 
quickened and soft, temperature elevated — 104°, 105°, 106° F. — 
and remains high for five, six, or seven days and then lowers; the 
respirations are more or less accelerated. 

At other times the gastric and intestinal form is present; 
there is congestion of the liver, shown by the yellowish or red- 
dish color of the visible mucous membranes; also a sour odor to 
the breath, constipation, folloAved by diarrhoea, in some cases 
caused by catarrh of the mucous membrane of the small intestines ; 
colicky pains are sometimes present. 

At other times the nervous system becomes affected, spinal 
trouble arises, there being loss of power of the hind extremities, 
sometimes ending in complete paralysis. 

What complications may arise? 

Laryngitis is probably the most common. 
Pneumonia, which usually assumes a low form, ending in 
gangrene. 

Pleurisy, with effusion, which usually ends fatally. 
Purpura hcemorrhagica is quite a common complication. 

How may influenza be diagnosed ? 

By the suddenness of the attack, great prostration, the irreg- 
ularity of the temperature, by the gait, the condition of the eyes. 

At the onset it may be difficult to make a diagnosis in some 
cases, but soon the symptoms make the diagnosis easy. 

What is the prognosis and the duration? 

Simple uncomplicated cases recover in from seven to ten days 
or two weeks. When complicated, the prognosis becomes grave 
and varies according to the severity of the symptoms and the con- 
stitution of the animal. These cases may last two or three weeks 
or longer. 

What is the treatment? 

Expectant and supporting treatments are used. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 77 

The old line of treatment, bleeding and mercurials, are not to 
be used. Purgatives are usually contra-indicated. Laxatives may 
be used when required. 

Stimulation is important; chloroform, ammonium carbonate, 
liquor ammonium acetatis, and the like are drugs indicated; alco- 
hol or whiskey in drinking-water. 

When the fever is high, quinine, antipyrin, antefebrin, acetan- 
ilid are usually of service. 

Potassium nitrate and colchicum are indicated where the legs 
are swollen; these may be given in the feed. 

For weak heart, digitalis, camphor, belladonna, hyoscyamus, 
spirits of turpentine, iron. Treat the complications according to 
indications. 

The local treatment consists of hand-rubbing to the legs, 
anodyne liniments, the application of mustard possibly, bathing 
the eyes with salt solution, warmth to body. 



RHINO-ADENITIS. 

What are the synonyms? 

Adenitis equorum, strangles, colt distemper, distemper. 

Name the forms. 

There are two forms, viz., the regular, or benign form, and 
the irregular, or bastard strangles. 

Define colt distemper. 

It is an acute, specific, febrile disease, probably contagious, 
and characterized by a catarrhal inflammation of the upper air 
passages and associated by the formation of abscesses in the in- 
termaxillary space and in other parts of the body. 

Give the atiology. 

This disease seems to be confined more or less to the equine 
race, and, as a rule, one attack gives immimity. It usually oc- 
curs in young animals, it being a disease of colthood or acclima- 
tization. 

It is placed among the germ diseases, and said to be produced 
by the streptococcus Equi or S. rhino-adenitis (S. coryzae con- 
tagiosse Equi). While streptococci are invariably present they are 
also found in other situations and conditions, as poll-evil, quittors, 
fistulous withers, etc. 



78 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What are the symptoms of the benign form ? 

The period of incubation varies from four to eight days. 

There are certain premonitory symptoms, such as the ill con- 
dition of the animal, being dull, not feeding well, and the coat 
looks rough. 

At first a nasal catarrh may present itself, the mucous membrane 
is swollen, and a muco-purulent or purulent discharge takes place. 

In a day or so the glands of the intermaxillary space enlarge ; 
the subcutaneous tissue is often involved, and frequently fills up 
the entire intermaxillary space. The swelling is hot and painful 
at first, and there is a tendency to pus-formation; the most pro- 
jecting point softens, the hair falls off, the skin breaks or is opened 
by the veterinary surgeon, and pus escapes. After a few days the 
cavity remaining begins to heal by granulation and soon disappears. 
The above is about the usual course of this form of strangles, as 
far as the local symptoms are concerned. 

Some of the general symptoms are, an elevation of temperature 
(103° to 105° F,), an increased pulse, more or less impairment of 
the appetite, especiall}^ if laryngitis or pharyngitis be present. 

How is the diagnosis made? 

By the age; usually a disease of colthood, although any age 
may be attacked. In city practice, the history that the horse is 
green often helps us, as well as the sjonptoms, making the diagnosis 
easy. 
What disease may it be mistaken for? 

Glanders, principally. 

How is the differential diagnosis made? 

In colt distemper the swelling is more or less smooth to the feel, 
is large, generally filling the intermaxillary space, is very painful, 
while in glanders the swelling is nodulated, there is a peculiar dis- 
charge, together with the ulcerations on the nasal mucous membrane. 

What is the prognosis? 

The prognosis, as a rule, is good, the affection lasting from ten 
days to three weeks, when recovery takes place. 

What treatment is recommended? 

The treatment, as a rule, is very simple, as the disease runs 
its regular course and we cannot abort it, so we assist nature and 
treat the symptoms as they arise. 

Electuaries may be given when the laryngitis is severe. In- 
halations can be used in some cases. Potassium nitrate in the 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 79 

drinking-water is often beneficial, from its cooling properties as 
a drink. Potassium chlorate, from its refrigerant and specific ac- 
tions. 

If the lymphatic glands are much swollen and suppuration is 
taking place, hot poultices can be applied to hasten the process. 

Blistering with cantharides, and, after a day or so, apply the 
hot poultices. Never be too hasty in opening these abscesses, but 
let them get good and ripe (as we say); when the hair falls ofE and 
the abscess points, make a crucial incision and allow the pus to 
escape, after which wash out thoroughly. 

Astringent or even caustic and antiseptic solutions should in 
some cases be injected daily to keep the granulations in proper con- 
dition, trying to avoid sinuses being formed. When the cavity does 
not yield to the solution you are using, it is well to change and use 
some other drug or drugs. In the majority of cases, however, anti- 
septic solutions alone are necessary, as the granulations are usually 
neither exuberant nor unhealthy. 

Define irregular strangles. 

This form receives the name of hastard or malignant strangles, 
and is seen mostly in dealers' stables. 

Abscesses form in different parts of the body, as the neck, in 
the groin, in the inguinal region, along the intestinal canal, in the 
thoracic cavity, and, in rare cases, in the brain. 

What are the symptoms ? 

Vary according to the seat of the abscess. The local symptoms 
confined to the head show the glands to remain indolent, even with 
blistering and poulticing; the head commences to swell, the animal 
refuses food, the breathing becomes difficult, and the animal fades 
away. There is a bloody discharge from the head, a foetid odor, 
and a tendency to develop a low form of pneumonia. 

How is this form to be treated ? 

Steaming the animal's head, the use of electuaries, washing 
out the mouth with gargles, the giving of tonics, stimulants, and 
good food, according to indications. 

Tracheotomy may be required where the dyspnoea is marked, 
due to the swollen condition of the head or of the throat; there 
is a liability in these cases, after an operation, to gangrene, so care 
should be exercised. Eemove the tube every twenty-four hours, 



80 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

clean it thoroughly, and rinse it in an antiseptic solution. Also 
cleanse the wound and then replace the tube. 

VARIOLA. 

What are the synonyms ? 

Small-pox. 

Give the definition. 

It is an acute, febrile, contagious, and systemic disease, char- 
acterized by eruptions on the skin and mucous membranes, which 
follow a definite course. 

What animals may be affected ? 

This disease may be seen in the horse, sheep, pig, dog, goat, 
and ox. 

How may the disease be divided for study ? 

Into three stages: 1, The stage of incubation; 2, the stage of 
invasion, and, 3, the stage of eruption. 

Describe the stage of incubation. 

This is the time elapsing from the entrance of the poison into 
the system and the first manifestation of the disease. 

In the horse about one week, four to six days in the cow, four 
to seven days in the sheep, and from ten to fourteen days in man. 

What takes place during the stage of invasion ? 

This is called the initial stage, and is usually ushered in by 
a chill, followed by symptoms of fever and catarrhal symptoms. 
This stage lasts from twenty-four to forty-eight hours. 

Describe the stage of eruption. 

This stage is important and characteristic. Little red spots 
make their appearance on the skin in various parts of the body; 
soon little nodules present tli em selves, which rapidly develop into 
vesicles filled with a clear, limpid fluid; these vesicles are peculiar, 
having a depression in the centre, and are called umhilicated. 

In three or four days pustules take the places of the vesicles. 
The pus dries on top, forms a scab, which after a time falls off 
and leaves a cup-shaped cicatrix or pit. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 81 

HORSE-POX. 
Give the synonym. 

Variola equina. 

What is the aetiology ? 

It is caused by a specific organism, which is fixed and volatile, 
and may be found in pustules, the scabs, the blood, the secretions, 
the excretions, and the expired air. 

What are the symptoms ? 

There is fever, dulness of the animal, loss of appetite, associ- 
ated with skin eruptions, which are generally seen in isolated 
parts of the body, as the lower parts of the extremities, around 
the nostrils and lips, and can be better appreciated in horses with 
light-colored skins. 

The legs are hot, swollen, and painful, and often there is lame- 
ness; the swelling extends along the back part of the limb as high 
up as the hock. 

On the white surfaces the red spots show themselves, then they 
become pimples or nodules, then vesicles form, later to become 
pustules, which dry and form scabs, soon to fall off and leave cica- 
trices. 

What is the differential diagnosis ? 

This affection may be mistaken for scratches, unless a careful 
examination be made. Again, it may be mistaken for glanders, but 
by watching the symptoms, isolating for a few days, there will be 
no trouble in differentiating. 

What is the prognosis ? 

If the symptoms be mild, the prognosis is good. The condi- 
tion of the animal and the surroundings have a marked influence. 

What can be done for these cases ? 

It being a self-limited disease, leave it alone and assist nature. 
Keep the parts clean, apply antiseptic dressings, and treat other 
symptoms as they arise. It is well to cover the eruptions with 
sweet-oil, vaseline, or sprinkle them with a powder, as bismuth 
subnitrate. 



82 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Cooling drinks, as potassium nitrate in the drinking-water. 
Sulphite of soda may be given in these eases. 

Vaccination should be resorted to, not forgetting to isolate 
the patients. 

GLANDERS. 

What are the synonyms? 

Equina, farcy. 

Name the forms of glanders. 

As EEGAKDS THE DURATION AND INTENSITY, three formS 

are recognized, viz. : Chronic glanders, acute glanders, and late7it 
glanders. 

Clinically, two forms are found, namely, glanders proper 
and cutaneous glanders, or fai'cy. 

Define glanders. 

It is a malignant, specific, and contagious disease, which 
attacks mostly the equidas, and is characterized by constitutional 
as well as local symptoms of a grave character. 

What is the aetiology? 

It is due to a special germ called the bacillus malleii, or bacillus 
of glanders, discovered by the French and Germans. Debility, low 
feeding, overwork, bad stables, etc., put the animal in condition 
to develop the disease if exposed. 

Describe briefly the micro-organisms. 

They are little, rod-shaped bodies, about two-thirds the 
diameter of the red blood-cells, and have a peculiarity of living in 
a temperature of between 68° and 113° F. ; at this temperature 
they will grow, and can be cultivated, but they require oxygen in 
which to live. 

They can be killed by freezing, or, better, by boiling water or 
certain drugs, as the bichloride of mercury, 1-5000, or a one per 
cent, solution of permanganate of potash. 

The favorite seat seems to be in the lymphatic system; the 
germs are not, as a rule, found in the bile or milk. 

What are the modes of infection ? 

Some animals seem to have.imniunity ; it can be inoculated into 
some of the equine species, and especially in the ass, which is more 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 83 

susceptible than is the horse ; other animals, as the goat, the guinea- 
pig, the rabbit, the dog, the sheep, the pig, are those which may- 
be inoculated. 

The bacilli are carried by means of watering troughs, harness, 
especially the bit, bedding, manure, curry combs, pails, stables, 
horseshoeing shops, boats, trains, etc., as well as by direct contact 
with the diseased animal. 

CHEONIC GLANDEES. 

What are the symptoms of chronic glanders ? 

Chronic glanders may come on insidiously or may be shown 
by constitutional symptom^, which gradually subside as the lesions 
present themselves. 

This is the most common form, and is characterized by ulcer- 
ation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. At first there 
is a reddened spot, which soon becomes elevated, a pustule is 
formed, which ruptures and leaves an irregular-shaped ulcer, com- 
monly called a chancre; the ulcer has everted edges, which are 
thickened, reddened, and form a ring around the ulcer. 

The ulcers are apt to spread, becoming confluent, and in some 
cases perforating the septum; a favorite seat for these ulcers is in 
the false nostrils. 

Another important symptom is the swelling of the intermaxil- 
lary glands. They have a characteristic feel, being indurated, ad- 
herent to the jawbone, bossolated, and are non-painful. The swell- 
ing is usually unilateral, although it may be bilateral. These 
glands show no tendency to suppurate in the majority of cases; 
some few may break down and discharge a thin, oily, sticky fluid. 

The character of the discharge from the nostril should not be 
lost sight of ; it is of a greenish-yellow color, sticky, at times bloody, 
is non-odorless, except when admixed with dead material, and often 
adhering to the external edges of the nostril. 

Tell the general symptoms of chronic glanders. 

The animals do not seem to do well ; their appetite is variable, 
they lose flesh, staring coat, rise in temperature a degree or two, 
they sweat more readily, become fatigued, at times show shifting 
lameness, discharge from nose is bloody in some cases, cough, 
cedematous swellings may be present, and the mucous membranes 
are often of a slate color. 



84 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

LATENT GLANDEES. 

What is latent glanders ? 

This is a form of glanders that has no external lesions, they 
being entirely internal. 

What is usually found on post mortem ? 

Nodules in the lungs, ulcerations on the bronchial mucous 
membrane, and also of the mucous membrane of the larynx. 

Give some of the general symptoms. 

The animal is dull, has a staring coat, a cough which is dry and 
hollow, the respirations are altered in character, lameness may be 
present. Dulness over these affected parts; more or less rise in 
temperature. 

ACUTE GLANDERS. 

Define acute glanders. 

Acute glanders is the same as the other forms, except that the 
symptoms are more severe and the course more rapid. 

What are the symptoms ? 

Hemorrhage from the nostrils is often the first symptom no- 
ticed; in other cases a discharge. 

The period of incubation in acute glanders is from three to five 
days in inoculated cases, while in infected cases, weeks or months. 

The mucous membrane of the nose shows spots or ulcers; there 
is a swelling of the intermaxillary glands which is painful on press- 
ure and not limited; the temperature is elevated to 103°, 104°, 
or 105° F.; the respirations accelerated; there is a discharge from 
the nose which is sticky and often causes particles of dust, etc., 
to accumulate around the nostrils. Death may be caused by suffo- 
cation. 

FARCY. 
What is farcy ? 

Cutaneous glanders, or farcy, is another manifestation of the 
disease, and is characterized by swelling or nodules (called farcy 
huds or farcy huttons) of the skin and superficial lymphatic glands. 

Describe these nodular swellings. 

They vary in size from that of a pea to a hickory-nut, and may 
be found along the jugular groove, the inside of the thigh, as high 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 85 

up as the base of the tail, along the back part of the hock, under 
the abdomen, on the sides of the neck and shoulder, on sides of 
the chest, where the saddle rests; also around the head, face, and 
lips. 

In acute cases, about the sixth or seventh day, these break 
down and discharge a greenish-yellow material, which is oily and 
sticky. In chronic cases there is no tendency to suppurate, they 
being hard and non-painful. 

How may glanders be diagnosed? 

Principally by the ulcers, peculiar thin but oily discharge, 
swellings of the lymphatic glands, elevation of temperature, emaci/- 
ation, and by the use of mallein. 

What disease may glanders be mistaken for? 

ISTasal catarrh, pus in the guttural pouches, purpura haemor- 
rhagica, leucocytha?mia, rhino-adenitis, urticaria, lymphangitis. 

What prognosis should be given? 

The prognosis is grave. Report all cases to the Board of Health. 

Describe the mode of treatment. 

Isolate all suspicious cases, and await development of symp- 
toms. Give animal a full aloetic purge ; water from a separate pail ; 
be careful about the bedding, blankets, harness, etc. Scald stalls 
with washing soda (IJ pounds to each pail of boiling water) ; then 
use carbolic acid in water, or bichloride of mercury, and submit 
the building periodically to chlorine or sulphurous acid gas. 

If not positive, use mallein; inject 2^ c.c, in the side of the 
neck, remembering to take the temperature before the injection. 
Take temperature every two liours for at least fourteen hours, and 
in some cases twenty-four hours. The features are, a rise of tem- 
perature, two or more degrees, and a local swelling at the point of 
inoculation, which is painful on pressure. Never inject mallein 
when the temperature is alove 101° F. 

Is mallein reliable ? 

While mallein is not infallible, yet it is useful and should 
be used at every opportunity in doubtful cases. 

What can be said of the blood test in glanders ? 

The blood test has its usefulness although not absolutely 
reliable. Better results are obtained by getting a sample of blood, 
then using mallein and comparing the results of each. 



86 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

If mallein fails to give a reaction, what causes such 
failure ? 

It is due either, to not being properly injected, tlie mallein 
not being good, cases being well advanced, temperature too high 
at time of injection, certain other conditions or diseases existing, 
also when the bacilli are not multiplying or acting on the system. 

Does mallein have a curative action? 

In some cases it appears to have somewhat of a curative action. 
At any rate the disease has been noticed to recede in some cases 
after its use. 

MALADIE DU COIT. 

What are the synonyms? 

Dourine, equine syphilis, venereal disease, disease of coitus. 

Define dourine. 

This is a contagious venereal disease seen in stallions and 
mares, rather chronic in its course, and characterized by a discharge 
from the genital organs, associated with ulceration, and followed 
by paralysis. 

What is the cause? 

It is produced by Trympanosoma Equiperdum, which gets 
into the blood, semen, vaginal secretions, milk and erosions of the 
mucous membrane of the genital organs. It is a disease seen after 
copulation, and the vehicles of contagion are in the urethra of the 
male and the vagina of the female. 

This disease was first noticed in 1796, and has since been seen 
in Poland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, England, Belgium, 
and was imported into this country in 1880. 

How long is the period of incubation ? 

It varies from one to six or eight weeks. 

What are the symptoms seen in the female? 

A few weeks after copulation a discharge from the vulva is 
noticed; it is clear at first, but soon becomes opaque, yellowish in 
color, and sometimes ichorous. 

The genital organs become swollen, the mucous membrane 
thrown in folds and covered with a gelatinous-like fluid; red spots 
or erosions on the mucous membrane may also be present. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 87 

The inflamed condition of the clitoris causes the mare to 
stretch herself and eject small quantities of urine at varying in- 
tervals; the lips of the vulva open, the erect clitoris is shown, and 
there is switching of the tail. 

On the body and legs are indolent swellings the size of a fifty- 
cent piece; these may disappear and reappear in other places. 
These swellings are said to be caused by an infiltration into the 
papillary layer of the derma. 

The most serious symptom is the paralysis of the posterior ex- 
tremities ; the animals drag their toes, rock their bodies, and cross 
their legs somewhat similar to cases of spinal meningitis or influ- 
enza. This paralysis is apt to be progressive, causing a dropping 
of the ears, paralysis of the facial muscles, of the lips, eyelids, etc. ; 
soon they go down, are unable to get up, get bed-sores, and die 
from emaciation, paralysis, or are destroyed. 

Describe other symptoms seen in stallions. 

They are more difficult to notice in the male. The discharge 
is usually less in quantity. There is swelling oi the meatus, red 
spots or erosions over the sheath, which are often difficult to discern. 

Then paralysis of the hind extremities is shown, and death is 
often preceded by symptoms of pneumonia. The lymphatic vessels 
and the inguinal ganglia are involved at times. 

What are the conditions found on post mortem? 

These are not pathognomonic; the body is emaciated, and 
where the tissues are cut through an ansemic condition is presented. 

In some cases swelling, thickening, and exudation into the 
neurilemma, in posterior extremity, while in between the muscles 
a gelatinous material may be seen. 

A congestion of the brain and spinal cord may be found, and 
some of the nerves show signs of degeneration. An oedematous 
condition of the vulva and neighboring parts may be present in 
the mare, while the penis, sheath, and scrotum in the stallion show 
like conditions. 

Give the prognosis. 

It is doubtful and grave. The course is irregular and chronic, 
lasting six or eight months to two or three years. 

In the stallion it is more serious on account of liability of 
spreading the disease more rapidly. Seventy per cent. die. 



88 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Outline the treatment. 

The indications for treatment point mostly to the parts af- 
fected; injections of astringent and disinfectant lotions — silver 
nitrate, 1-100 ; potassium permanganate, 1-100 ; bichloride of 
mercury, 1-10,000 ; zinc sulphate, 1 grain to the ounce ; other drugs 
used are tannic acid (^ dram to 8 ounces), zinc choride (1 grain 
to 4 or 8 ounces rose water). Stimulating liniment over loins 
may be indicated. Castration has been recommended, but seems 
severe; destruction of the stallions has been ordered in some 
countries of Europe. 

Internally, potassium iodide, Fowler's solution of arsenic, bel- 
ladonna, strychnine. 

These animals should be isolated. 

SURRA. 

What are the synonyms? 

It is called Rot, Trypanosomosis, Relapsing Fever, Pernicious 
Ansemia. 

Give the definition. 

Surra is an acute specific infectious relapsing febrile disease 
of equines characterized by remittent fever, subcutaneous oedema, 
petechige, emaciation and debility. 

What is the history? 

This disease attacks horses, asses, mules, camels, dogs and rats 
and can be inoculated in rabbits, guinea pigs and other animals. 

It is a disease, particularly of the horse, first known and 
described in India and has since been quite prevalent in parts of 
Asia and Africa. Surra has not reached the United States, but 
may, owing to its prevalence in the Philippines. 

What is the aetiology? 

It is produced by the presence in the blood of a flagellate 
protozoa called the Trypanosoma Evansi. 

What is the period of incubation ? 

This period varies but is said to be about five to eight days, 
following inoculation. 

How may the disease be spread ? 

By direct inoculation, by fiies and other biting insects, by 
drinking stagnant and contaminated water, by contaminated pas- 
tures and by the excrements of animals. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 89 

Give the symptoms. 

It is said to appear after rainy seasons. There is fever de- 
noted by a rise of temperature (102°-104° F). The fever is 
more or less continuous with exacerbations and remissions which 
is typical of the disease. 

There is an appearance of urticarial swellings on various parts 
of the body and petechial spots on the visible mucous membranes 
which are pale at first and later yellow. There is emaciation which 
is rapid, associated with great weakness and symptoms of per- 
nicious anaemia. 

As these paroxysms of attacks continue, the symptoms become 
more severe with each attack, the animal gets weaker, the tem- 
perature higher, the pulse more rapid and weaker, the respirations 
forty to sixty per minute, ulcers form on the mucous membranes, 
and the bowels, which were costive at first, later become loose. 

When death approaches, the temperature rises, heart clots 
form, the stomach becomes perforated and the animal dies from 
heart failure, general debility or shock. 

What is the pathology and lesions? 

There is rapid destruction of the red blood cells by the organ- 
isms. The body is emaciated, the liver, spleen and lymphatics are 
enlarged. Petechial spots are found on the various internal organs, 
which are pale. Ulcerations are found in the stomach. The 
mucous membranes may have a yellowish cast. The oedema is of 
a yellowish jelly-like consistency. 

How is surra diagnosed? 

It is diagnosed by fever which is remittent, petechial spots on 
the visible mucous membranes, subcutaneous oedema, rapid ema- 
ciation and debility, together with the presence in the blood of 
the Trypanosoma Evansi. 

What is the differential diagnosis? 

Surra may be mistaken for anthrax, dourine, nagana, mal de 
caderas, but the symptoms and the finding of the special trypan- 
osoma by the microscope will be sufficient to differentiate it. 

If the trypanosoma evansi is not found by the first examina- 
tion, daily examinations should be made until found. The remit- 
tent character of the disease makes it possible that the trypanosoma 
would not be found at every examination. 



90 PKACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Outline the treatment. 

There is no known treatment for the disease itself. Arsenic 
is said to stop the multiplication of the organisms. Iron, nux 
vomica and other tonics are indicated. 

Preventative treatment should be our main object. Give pure 
water, do not use marshy contaminated pastures, or hay from such 
fields. Be careful about the excrements of rats getting into the 
food. 

Keep the stables clean, screen the doors and the windows, 
spray the stables and even the animals with solutions of antisep- 
tics to keep away or destroy the flies. 

Do not remove infected animals to places where they might 
carry the disease to other animals, for they should be isolated. 

Destroy diseased animals, bury deeply and cover the carcass 
with lime or other disinfectants. 

Ni^.GANA. 

What is the synonym? 

It is called the tsetse-fly disease. 

Define nagana. 

It is a specific infectious disease characterized by fever, 
oedema, rapid emaciation and anaemia. 

Give the atiology. 

It is caused by the Trypanosoma Brucei which is transmitted 
from the diseased to the healthy animal by the tsetse-fly. 

What is the period of incubation ? 

In the horse it is about four days. 

What animals may be affected? 

It attacks horses, asses, mules, cattle, dogs, camels, some wild 
animals, as the buffalo, hyena and antelope. 

It may be inoculated into cats, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, 
goats, sheep and monkeys. 

The elephant, zebra, hen and pigeon are said to be immune. 

What are the symptoms? 

There is fever, the temperature (104°-105° F.) which lasts 
three or four days when it suddenly falls. Then it rises again 
and soon falls. The coat is rough, the hairs fall out, there is 
rapid loss of flesh although the appetite remains good. There is 
a tendency to diarrhoea. Oj^dematous swellings are present. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 91 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

Fever rising and falling, oedema, rapid emaciation even with 
the good appetite, symptoms of angemia and the finding of the 
organism in the blood. 

What is the differential diagnosis? 

This disease may be mistaken for donrine, surra and mal de 
caderas. 

Some investigators think that there is a possibility that the 
four diseases are the same, vv^hile others claim there is a difference. 
The lack of time for experimentation makes it difficult to draw- 
any specific conclusions but the following may aid somewhat. 

Dourine and mal de caderas cannot be transmitted to cattle; 
where mal de caderas exists cattle do not die of surra. In surra 
and nagana the same animals are attacked; the same course exists 
in the horse whether surra or nagana. Cows seldom live with 
nagana and rarely die of surra. Paralysis of the posterior extrem- 
ity is an important symptom of mal de caderas. Dourine is 
marked by the form of the organism and the mode of infection. 

What are the indications for treatment? 

There is no known treatment except the preventative treat- 
ment given under surra. 

MAL DE CADERAS. 

Define this disease. 

This is a specific infectious disease produced by the trypan- 
osoma equinum and characterized by intermittent fever, ema- 
ciation, progressive paralysis of the posterior extremity and death. 

What animals may be attacked? 

It is a disease of the horse, mule and hog. It is transmitted 
to the dog, sheep, rabbit, rat and fowl. Cattle are said to be 
immune. 

Insects are said to carry the organism producing the disease. 

What are the symptoms ? 

The temperature elevates slowly, then suddenly falls to normal. 

The animal is emaciated, oedema is usually present, the 
urine is high colored and often contains blood. Paralysis of the 
posterior parts which is progressive, interfering with the action of 
the kidneys and bowels. 

The duration varies from two months to a year. 



92 PEACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Give the morbid anatomy. 

The spleen, liver and lymphatics are enlarged, the lungs con- 
tain ecchymotic spots, the heart muscle is soft and flabby. The 
thoracic and abdominal cavities contain a serofibrinous exudation. 
The muscles are pale and atrophied in the posterior extremities 
with hemorrhagic spots in some of these muscles. The muscular 
tissues are infiltrated with a serogelatinous material. 

How is the diagnosis made? 

Fever which is intermittent; emaciation, anaemia, paralysis of 
the posterior extremity and the finding of the parasite. 

What is the treatment? 

There is no treatment known to be of any value. 



ACTINOMYCOSIS. 

What are the synonyms? 

Big Jaw ; lumpy jaw ; commonly called by some " wolf in the 
jaw " ; wooden tongue. 

Define actinomycosis. 

This is a chronic infective disorder, produced by the actino- 
myces, or ray fungus, characterized by local inflammation with the 
formation of neoplasms containing the microbe. 

What is the aetiology? 

This disease was first described by Bollinger, in 1887, when 
the proper nature of the disease was described in the ox, in which 
animal it most commonly occurs, being rare in the horse. This 
disease occurs in cattle, pigs, horses, and is seen in the human 
subject. 

It is caused by a parasite that usually gains entrance with the 
food or drink, lodges on the mucous membrane of the buccal cavity, 
especially if abrasions exist. 

What is the morbid anatomy? 

In the early stages of its growth the parasite gives rise to small 
granulation tumors, not unlike those produced in tuberculosis; 
as they increase in size, proliferation of the surrounding connective 
tissue is extensive; soon suppuration takes place. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 93 

What are the clinical forms? 

(a) Alimentary form, the moutli being the common location; 
but the parasite may locate in the intestines, producing ulceration. 

(b) Pulmonary form, where the lungs are the seat. 

(e) Cutaneous form, where associated with certain skin affec- 
tions. 

(d) Cerelral form, where the seat is in the cranial cavity and 
produces symptoms similar to tumor of the brain. 

Ho-w may actinomycosis be diagnosed? 

By the symptoms, by the local swellings followed by suppura- 
tion, and by the use of the microscope. 

What treatment is recommended ? 

Hasten suppuration by poultices or hot fomentation, open the 
abscess and irrigate with astringent and disinfectant solutions. 

Internally, potassium iodide has given the best results. In- 
ternal antiseptics may be indicated in some of the forms; bismuth, 
creosote, quinine, salol, etc. 

EQUINE EABIES. 

What are the synonyms? 

Madness, equine madness. 

What is rabies? 

It may be defined to be an acute functional, contagious dis- 
ease, occurring in the dog, cat, wolf, and fox, and transmitted to 
man and all animals by inoculation, and characterized by varying 
reflex and nervous symptoms. 

Define hydrophobia. 

This literally means, dread of water. There is an inability 
to swallow water, on account of a paralysis of the muscles about 
the throat. 

What is the period of incubation of rabies ? 

In the liorse it varies from tivo to eight iveelcs; in the dog it 
varies from one weeh to six months; in the ox, from two to four 
weeks ; in tJie sheep, from three to six weeks ; in swine, from three 
to seven weeks ; in man, from two to nine weeks. 



94 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What are some of the symptoms shown in the horse ? 

The horse becomes nervous, excitable, and violent; it kicks 
and bites at the stall as well as itself or objects near by, or the 
groom, often causing fracture of the jaw. 

The animal neighs, trembles, rubs against the sides of the 
stall; there is an impaired appetite, paralysis of the pharynx and 
of the posterior extremity, convulsions, coma, followed by death in 
from four to seven days. 

What treatment is recommended? 

Thoroughly cauterize the wound with acids, caustics, or the 
actual cautery, and treat antiseptically. 

The Pasteur treatment is highly recommended, and should be 
used. This consists in inoculating the animal with a specially pre- 
pared serum. 

DYSENTERY. 

What is the synonym? 

Bloody flux, catarrhal dysentery, diphtheritic dysentery, 
amoebic dysentery. 

Define dysentery. 

It may be defined to be a specific infectious inflammation of 
the large intestines, usually proceeding to ulceration, characterized 
by frequent stools, colicky pains, and tenesmus. 

Give the aetiology. 

This disease is not common in the horse, being more fre- 
quently seen in cattle. 

It is more apt to occur in hot climates, but may be seen in any 
location. 

Although probably of specific origin, this fact is hard to es- 
tablish clinically in every case. One form is produced by amoeba. 

Animals kept in damp stables, low and marshy pastures, in 
localities where there is decomposition of vegetable or animal 
matter, the drinking of stagnant water, eating unwholesome food, 
the sudden chilling of the skin, stopping perspiration, together 
with indigestion, are among the predisposing causes. 

Some pathogenetic poison, the nature of which is not under- 
stood, is probably the essential cause in other forms. 

Dysentery in the human subject is one of the four greatest 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 95 

epidemics of the world and one form is caused by bacillus 
dysentericae. 

What is the pathology? 

The mucous membrane of the large bowels, and sometimes the 
ileum, becomes of a red-brown color, especially that of the colon, 
where the disease is most extensive. 

The contents of the intestines are liquid, consisting of serosity, 
shreds of mucous membrane, and tenacious, blood-stained mucus. 

There is congestion and infiltration of the mucous membrane, 
and little vesicles may be seen here and there, which rupture, leav- 
ing ulcers, which are characteristic of dysentery. These ulcerations 
dip down and may penetrate the muscular coat and affect the peri- 
toneum. 

Give the symptoms of dysentery. 

It usually commences with symptoms of dyspepsia, the animal 
becoming dull, legs together under the body, back somewhat arched, 
diarrhoeal discharges, loss of appetite, tongue furred and moist; 
later, glazed; thirst, which is prominent; abdomen swollen and 
painful. 

The most important symptom is the evacuation from the 
bowels, which is at first liquid, fetid odor, and admixed with blood, 
and therefore called hloody flux. The discharges are very irritating 
to the mucous membrane, causing colicky pains and tenesmus. 
Emaciation takes place rapidly, the discharge becomes involuntary, 
and there are symptoms of asthenia; the animals die, generally, 
from exhaustion. 

Give the prognosis. 

The milder cases recover, while the cases with ulceration and 
bloody discharges usually die. 

If the case be complicated the prognosis is grave. 

What is the duration? 

The average duration is from seven to ten days to four weeks. 

Outline the treatment. 

Try to get rid of the irritating material in the intestines by 
an oleaginous purge, which, however, should be used with care. 

Morphine hypodermically is indispensable to relieve the pain 
and straining. 



96 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Large doses of bismuth (2 to 4 drams) every two or three 
hours are useful, being an internal antiseptic. 

Very small doses of bichloride of mercury; other drugs indi- 
cated are ipecacuanha, chalk, tannic acid, copper, alum, zinc sul- 
phate, lead acetate. 

Locally, moist heat to the abdomen. 

Injections of water, at the temperature of the body, contain- 
ing astringents, relieve the straining. Silver nitrate (30 to 60 
grains to the pint), injecting 3 to -i quarts or more. Quinine 
(1-5000, or 1-3500, or 1-1000) may be used. Injections are not 
without danger, so care should be used. A cocaine suppository 
may be used before the injection, to overcome the straining. 

The diet should be light, consisting of bran mashes, oatmeal 
gruel, etc. 

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 

Give the synonym. 

Cerebro-spinal fever. 

What is the definition? 

This is a specific infectious disease, occurring sporadically 
and in epizootics, characterized by an inflammation of the cerebro- 
spinal meninges, and running an irregular course. 

Give the aetiology. 

It is due to a germ. Bad hygienic conditions, as damp, dark, 
ill-ventilated stables, excessive heat, overwork, mould from grain, 
hay, etc., probably assist in its development. Micrococci and 
various bacilli have been found. Prof. V. A. Moore obtained 
cultures of a colon bacillus from the brain in one outbreak and 
got negative results in another. 

The Diplococcus intracellularis meningitis has been isolated 
and been constantly found present in man. 

What is the morbid anatomy? 

There may be no characteristic changes, as the majority die 
before exudation takes place. In well-marked cases the meninges 
of the brain and cord are inflamed, the blood-vessels standing out 
prominently, and the ventricles contain a serous exudate. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 97 

What are the symptoms? 

It usually occurs as an enzootic disease. The animals are ap- 
parently well at night, and in the morning one horse may be down, 
another dead, others refuse their food, they being unable to swallow 
on account of a paralysis of the throat, which condition can be 
verified by the introduction of the hand into the pharynx. In the 
course of several hours the paralysis may extend toward the 
posterior extremity, causing a peculiar swaying motion, with a 
dragging of the toe of the extremity. The tail is limp, it having 
lost its power. These cases usually terminate rapidly, the average 
duration being eighteen hours. The pulse, temperature, and 
respiration are not of any particular use in making a diagnosis. 

How is the disease diagnosed? 

It may be diagnosed by the suddenness of the attack, by the 
inability to swallow, from paralysis of that part, which usually ex- 
tends toward the posterior extremity. 

What is the prognosis? 

Cerebro-spinal meningitis is usually fatal. 

Outline the treatment. 

This affection does not seem to yield to treatment. Belladonna, 
ergot, quinine, calabar bean, potassium bromide, morphine (hypo- 
dermically), iodide of potassium, are drugs used. Locally, ice 
or cold applications to the head. 

SEPTICEMIA. 

What is septicaemia ? 

Septicaemia comes from septico, signifying "putrefaction," 
and hcemia, " blood." 

It is a constitutional disease due to the absorption into the 
blood of decomposed dead matter from a wound; or it is a putrid 
infection of the blood, associated with certain constitutional symp- 
toms and caused by bacteria. 

Healthy blood will destroy bacteria if they are in small quan- 
tities, but if in large quantities they poison the blood. 

What is the causation ? 

Ptomains and toxins will cause it; also microbes given under 
pygemia. 



98 PKACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What are the symptoms? 

These vary with the amount of septic material present. There 
is a slight chill, followed by fever, with a rapid rise of temperature, 
being as high as 105° or 106° ; there is dulness of the special senses, 
and prostration; the skin is hot and dry, there being hardly any 
perspiration; the secretions and excretions are often tinged with 
blood; the urine contains a large amount of urates; the mucous 
membranes are of a dirty yellowish color and ecchyniosed. 

The pulse is small, weak, and quick, the respirations are feeble 
and difficult, and there is bloody diarrhoea in the majority of cases. 
The lymphatic glands become swollen all over the body, and it is 
through this channel that the septic material gets into the circu- 
lation. 

How is septicaemia diagnosed ? 

From the fact that these symptoms appear in animals where 
we expect to see this condition, following gangrenous wounds and 
the like. 

What is the prognosis? 

If the symptoms are severe and the constitution of the animal 
is weak, the prognosis is grave; in the milder forms the prognosis 
is more favorable. 

What is the morbid anatomy? 

The blood is darker than normal; it coagulates less readily, 
and contains pus microbes. The spleen is enlarged and softer ; the 
Ipnphatic glands show signs of inflammation; the various viscera 
are somewhat swollen; mucous membranes of the stomach and 
bowels are often inflamed. Capillaries are inflamed, and hemor- 
rhages often take place in the skin and mucous membranes, in the 
shape of ecchymotic spots. 

What is the treatment? 

The local treatment consists in the removal of the cause, if 
possible; the using of antiseptics in those putrid wounds, also 
removing those parts of the wound that are gangrenous, remember- 
ing to keep the wound open. 

The constitutional treatment consists in good hygienic condi- 
tions, good nourishing food, good air, etc.; internal antiseptics, 
dilute acids, lime-water, stimulants (as whiskey), quinine, bro- 
mine, strychnine, salicylic acid. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 99 



PYEMIA. 

Define pyaemia. 

It is a systemic disturbance, due to the absorption of septic 
matter from a wound, and characterized by the formation of mul- 
tiple foci of suppurative inflammation (metastatic abscesses), in 
various parts of the body, and accompanied by certain systemic 
symptoms. 

What is the aetiology? 

It is caused by pits microbes, just the same as septicaemia, but 
they seem to be in groups and become lodged in various organs, 
and set up foci of suppurative inflammation, and reproduce in 
greater numbers. 

The microbes producing pyaemia are several. The most com- 
mon is the staphylococcus pyogenes aureus or albus; the strepto- 
coccus pyogenes; bacillus pyocyaneus; bacterium coli commune, 
and no doubt any pus-producing microbe. 

What is the morbid anatomy? 

The blood is characterized by a tendency to coagulate spon- 
taneously (wherever the blood-current is slow). Multitudes of 
micrococci are found in the blood and on the walls of the vessels; 
venous thromhosis and embolism are essential features of this 
disease. 

These emboli become lodged in the small arteries of dijfferent 
organs, and lead to the formation of abscesses. Metastatic ab- 
scesses are found in the lungs, liver, spleen, muscles, kidneys, heart, 
and brain. 

In a general way we may say that the blood becomes directly 
affected by the veins, whereas, in septicaemia, it comes indirectly 
through the lymphatics. 

What are the symptoms? 

Well-marked symptoms are shown; first, a chill, followed by 
fever, with a gradual rise of temperature from 102° to 104° F. 
The chills of pyaemia occur irregularly, and the temperature is 
higher than in the sweating stage. 

The pulse is frequent, small, and intermittent. The conjunc- 
tiva becomes yellow, there is loss of appetite, thirst, diarrhoea, the 
animal becomes dull, the respirations are hurried and shallow. 



100 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

As death approaches, signs of delirium show themselves, the 
pulse becomes more feeble and intermittent, and the animal passes 
into coma and death. 

What is the differential diagnosis between septicaemia 
and pyaemia? 

Septicemia shows a slight chill, while pycemia a distinct chill; 
septiccemia only one chill at the beginning, while in pycemia the 
chills recur. In septiccemia there are slight, if any, sweatings, 
whereas in pycemia there are profuse sweats; in septiccemia the 
temperature is high at the onset — 105° or 106° F., while in pyaemia 
the temperature gradually rises — from 102° to 104° F. Septiccemia 
develops rapidly; pyaemia, slowly. In pywmia the heart impulse 
is less forcible than in septiccemia. Finally, thrombi and multiple 
abscesses develop in pycemia and are its distinguishing objective 
evidence, while they never occur in simple septiccemia. 

AA/^hat is the prognosis ? 

Always unfavorable. 

What is the treatment? 

There is the preventative treatment and the treatment of a de- 
veloped case. The first resolves itself into cleanliness, good venti- 
lation, sunlight, etc. 

The pycemic poison is eliminated by the intestinal tract, and 
not by the skin or kidneys. Internal antiseptics are used ; bromine, 
carbolic and salicylic acids ; the oil of turpentine, the sulphites and 
the hypo-sulphites of sodium, calcium, and magnesium; quinine 
is a drug most extensively used for its antiseptic, its stimulant and 
antipyretic powers. The patient should be supported by good 
nourishment and stimulants. 



TETAJ^US. 
Give the synonym. 

Lockjaw. 

Define lockjaw. 

This is a functional infectious disease, characterized by tonic 
spasms of the muscles, with marked exacerbations. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. lOl 

Give the aetiology. 

The virus is produced by a hacillus which occurs in the earth, 
in putrefying fluids, and in manure. 

Some cases occur without any apparent wound, and these cases 
have received the name of idiopathic tetanus. 

In other cases it may follow wounds, especially punctured 
wounds of the feet, where the plantar cushion is involved; those 
wounds that seem trifling are more apt to be followed by tetanus 
(called traumatic tetanus) ; also, where foreign bodies become 
lodged, such as small splinters of wood. 

It may follow castration or other operations, as docking the 
tail ; also, fracture of the vertebrae ; or it may follow small wounds 
or abrasions from the harness. 

The tetanus bacillus can be isolated and cultivated, it growing 
at the ordinary temperatures. 

It consists of a slender rod with rounded ends, and may grow 
into long threads, and is anaerobic. 

The bacilli develop at the site of the wound. 

What is the morbid anatomy ? 

There are no characteristic lesions found in the brain or in 
the spinal cord. Congestions occur in different portions of the 
nervous system. 

What is the semiology? 

Usually ten days after a wound the symptoms may show them- 
selves, there being slight stiffness of certain muscles of the neck, 
and possibly some difficulty in mastication. 

The rule is that the symptoms come on suddenly; the man 
goes to feed the horse in the morning and finds he will not eat, 
and that he seems stiff. 

The head is extended, the nose in the air, the tail slightly ele- 
vated and carried to one side, the hind legs more or less stiffened 
and wide apart (a straddling gait), and in severe cases the anterior 
extremities are separated. In moving, the body is not flexed, the 
animal moving as though he was made of one piece. 

There is difficulty in backing, the horse appears nervous, ex- 
citable, and when you move him around quickly or elevate the head 
the membrana nictitans is thrown over the eye. 

Trismus is often present, the teeth become set, and you cannot 
introduce your finger or even a blade of a knife between them 



102 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

(hence it is called lock-jaw). In mild cases this symptom is not 
pronounced. 

In the severe form there is a discharge of saliva ; the voluntary 
muscles are hard to the feel, especially those of the neck. 

The pulse, in mild cases, is not much altered, but in severe 
cases there is an increase in the frequency. 

The temperature is peculiar; this is a non-febrile disease, but 
it often has a high temperature — 105° or 106° F., and just before 
death it runs up to 100° or 112° F., or in some cases just after 
death. 

How is the diagnosis made? 

There ought not to be any trouble in making a diagnosis. 
When you have seen one of these cases, you have seen all. 

The position of the body, the tail, and the manner of locomo- 
tion, and the membrana nictitans being thrown over the eye on the 
slightest movement. 

In the human subject there are certain positions of the patient. 

The ordinary position in man is where he rests on his occiput 
and heels, the back being curved. This position is known as opis- 
ihotonos. 

The entire trunk and limbs may be perfectly rigid — ortliotonos. 
Where the body is bent to one side it is called pleurosthotonos. When 
the back is arched and the body bent forward — emprosthotonos. 

What is the duration and the prognosis? 

This disease may kill quickly, in several hours or four or five 
days, or in other cases it may run three or four weeks, and you 
think they ought to get well, when they become exhausted, fall 
down, and, by some excitement, death results. 

The appearance of the animal, anxious expression, eyes drawn 
in their sockets, nostrils dilated, furrowing of the skin of the face, 
saliva from the mouth, inability to open the jaw, body covered 
with perspiration. 

A little noise, etc., throws them into spasms, and, if down, as 
a rule, they never rise again, and it is almost impossible to help 
them up. 

Death is apt to occur during the paroxysm from heart-failure 
or asphyxia, or it may be due to exhaustion. 

The average duration is from four days to six weeks. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 103 

Severe cases die and mild cases get well, in the majority of 
instances. The prognosis should, however, always be guarded. 

What treatment is recommended? 

There is no specific treatment as yet, and the various methods 
used have proved unsuccessful in the majority of cases. 

The drugs used are opium in large doses, aconite, chloral hy- 
drate, bromide of potassium, calabar bean, Indian hemp, belladonna, 
curara, alcoholic stimulants in excess, chloroform, ether. 

Bloodletting and counter-irritation have been employed, but 
should not be recommended. 

Do not excite the patient; it is often claimed that the less 
you do, the better; if in the country, it is often well to turn the 
animal out and leave him alone. 

In the city we put the animal in a dark box-stall and keep him 
quiet; keep the people away, and have one person to care for him, 
with the orders that the attendant do everything quietly, so as not 
to excite the animal. The attendant should move around easily, 
making no sudden motion. 

Do not give solid medicines, as a rule ; the medicine should be 
given in liquid form and concentrated, and given with a syringe. 

Suppositories may be used in some cases, composed of mor- 
phine and atropine, one-half or one grain each, used twice a day. 

These are often good, and do not produce any irritation, as do 
medicines given by the mouth. 

The laity say a sudden shock will cure tetanus, as throwing the 
animal overboard, or shooting off a gun over his head, or throwing 
water on him ; also sudden blows. Others say that by placing sheep- 
skin over the loins, letting it remain there until it rots, will cure 
these cases, but all these are whims, and should not be recommended. 

The sheet anchor is to keep the animal quiet; the use of sup- 
positories or hypodermics or liquid medicine, by the mouth, in con- 
centrated form, and in some cases the inhalation of chloroform or 
ether. 

Also, feeding the animal per rectum in some cases, or by hav- 
ing gruel in a pail, and when the animal is left alone he will often 
suck it up. 

Tetanine (anti-toxine) has been used with varying success, 
but up to the time of writing it cannot be relied on. Probably in 
the near future it may be improved so as to produce the desired 
effect. 



104 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

IV. CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. 

PUEPURA HEMORRHAGICA. 

Name the synonyms. 

Purpura, petechial fever of horses, dropsy, anasarca, morbus 
maculosus, scarlatina. 

Define Purpura. 

This is a constitutional disease, having its origin in the blood 
and capillaries, and characterized by petechial spots on the mucous 
membranes, and by swellings under the sJcin, the result of sanguine- 
ous effusion. 

What is the pathology? 

Extravasations of the blood from the vessels are found in the 
interstices of the various organs, as the lungs, spleen, kidneys, and 
the subcutaneous tissue ; there is a jelly-like mass, and the blood is 
darker than normal and more fluid. 

Similar conditions exist on the skin and mucous membranes, 
associated with hemorrhage on the free surface. 

Give the aetiology of this affection. 

It may occur as a primary disease, but is seen mostly as a 
secondary condition. 

The real cause is not well understood, and, although probably 
due to bacteria, producing toxins, one fact is obvious — that it 
follows debilitating conditions, as influenza, strangles, pharyngitis, 
intestinal catarrh, suppurative lymphangitis, pneumonia, pleurisy. 
Many cases, however, make their appearance without previous 
sickness. 

The variet}' of bacteria found are many and varied so that 
no positive conclusion has as yet been drawn. 

Embolism and thrombosis are said to be causes; also, a dis- 
ordered condition of the vasomotor system. Bad drainage, dark, 
damp stables, poorly ventilated, seem to favor its development. 

What are the symptoms? 

In primary cases the symptoms come on suddenly; there is 
an impaired appetite, possibly a tendency to diarrhcea, some fever, 
and the animal dull and has somewhat of a stiffened gait. 



CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. 105 

In secondary cases we usually find the following: As the 
pneumonia, influenza, etc., subsides, convalescence is prolonged, 
swellings appear under the abdomen or on the legs, together with 
petechial or ecchymotic spots on the mucous membranes. 

Swellings on the skin in various parts of the body make their 
appearance, usually in the most dependent parts — under the ab- 
domen, between the fore-legs, along the thighs, around the nose. 
These swellings are large or small, more or less painful, tense, hot, 
and not of any uniform shape at first. 

As the disease progresses these swellings either disappear or 
coalesce and become uniform, reaching from the foot up to the 
stifle in the posterior extremity, and up to the shoulder in the 
anterior extremity; when the head is the seat, the swelling extends 
as high as the eyes. There is one peculiarity about the ending 
of these swellings — that is, they end abruptly, as though a cord 
had been tied around the part. Often the swellings take place in 
circumscribed spots over the body resembling urticaria. 

The swelling of the legs causes lameness, a stiffened or jerky 
motion. The animal does not care to move, the skin often cracks 
open, becomes bloody. 

The general functions of the body are not particularly al- 
tered in the beginning, but, as the disease goes on, several func- 
tions are interfered with, notably that of prehension. 

The temperature is not much raised at the onset, but later it 
may rise, in which case it usually denotes a complication. 

The pulse is not very rapid at first, but later it often becomes 
accelerated, and possibly double. 

The respirations are labored, especially when the head is 
swollen, the ribs becoming prominent during the act of 
breathing. 

As the disease goes on, the swellings increase in size, the head 
resembles that of a hippopotamus, is heavy, causing the animal 
to rest it on the manger, the extremities become larger, the penis 
and sheath being so much swollen as to interfere with urination 
and locomotion. 

The above condition may be noted in the afternoon, and the 
following day the swellings may have disappeared and their dis- 
appearance may be thought favorable, but these cases often die 
in the course of a few days, either from apnoea, oedema of the 
glottis or lungs, from gangrene of the lungs, or internal hem- 
orrhaae. 



106 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What is the duration of purpura ? 

The course and duration are very irregular, lasting from one 
to three or four weeks. 

How may this affection be diagnosed? 

The diagnosis ought to be easily made; the petechial spots on 
the visible mucous membranes, the characteristic swellings, which 
end abruptly. 

What diseases may be mistaken for purpura? 

It may be mistaken for glanders proper, or farcy, but there 
should not be any trouble in differentiating, as purpura shows 
petechial spots, and the swellings end abruptly. 

Give the prognosis. 

This depends on the state of the animal, the place, and the 
time of year. Never be positive, as mild cases may die and severe 
cases recover. 

If the weather be cool, the animal able to eat and in a roomy, 
well-ventilated box-stall, the prognosis is more favorable. 

If in hot weather, the animal unable to eat, the skin cracks, 
and sloughing takes place, the prognosis becomes very unfavorable. 

About sixty to seventy per cent. die. 

Outline the treatment of purpura. 

General as well as local treatment has to be employed in many 
cases. 

The general treatment should be directed toward improving 
the condition of the blood as well as the blood-vessels. Good hy- 
gienic surroundings are of the utmost importance, as well as look- 
ing after the diet. 

The drugs indicated and recommended are alcohol, potassium 
chlorate, ergot, digitalis, potassium iodide, iron preparations, tur- 
pentine, potassium nitrate, strychnine, camphor, gallic acid, dilute 
sulphuric acid, salicylic acid, colchicum. 

Professor James L. Robertson recommends strong coffee, one 
pint, potassium iodide, one or two drams, given three times a day. 

Potassium nitrate may be given in food or drinking-water. 

In some cases, especially where the head is much swollen, I 
use the fluid extract of nux vomica, thirty minims; the spirits of 
turpentine, fifteen to thirty drops; alcohol, one oimce — given as 
a dose every three hours with a syringe. 



CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. 107 

Colchicum powder or fluid extract is an important drug in 
these cases. 

The local treatment consists of massage, rubbing and moulding 
the swellings with cold water, stimulating liniments, or hot water. 

Try to prevent suffocation by attention to the swellings; keep 
nostrils open, or perform tracheotomy. 

Do not cut these swellings, as gangrene is apt to follow. If 
wounds are present, treat them antiseptically. 

The sero-therapeutical treatment is now being used and good 
results are being reported. 

HEMOPHILIA. 

What are the synonyms? 

Hemorrhagic diathesis, bleeder's disease. 

What is understood by this affection? 

It is a congenital condition, in which bleeding takes place 
habitually. 

Give the aetiology. 

There is a hereditary predisposition in these cases, as a rule. 
Pregnancy may have a tendency to develop it. Then there is 
the neurotic theory, as it is seen or associated with nervous dis- 
orders. 

What are the symptoms? 

Certain prodromic symptoms, as plethora, congestion, etc., 
may exist. 

Bleeding takes place from the mucous membranes of the nose, 
mouth, lungs, stomach, intestines, or genito-urinary passages. 

Traumatic injuries of various sorts produce the bleeding, 
which is difficult to arrest. 

In man, after tooth extraction ; slight wounds of any sort pro- 
duce the hemorrhage. 

How is this condition diagnosed? 

By the presence of the hemorrhage and the history showing 
this tendency. This is rare in the horse. 

Give the prognosis. 

The prognosis is grave in these cases, as death usually results. 
Life may be prolonged in some cases for an indefinite period. 



108 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Outline the treatment. 

It is symptomatic. The tincture of the chloride of iron, potas- 
sium chlorate, fluid extract of hydrastic canadensis, calcium 
chloride, ergot, mineral acids are drugs indicated. 

Neurotic medicines are often beneficial, and may be the only 
means of stopping the hemorrhage. 

Mechanical means are used where they can be applied. 

Pads wet in a fresh infusion of the thymus gland may be 
used; or the application of fresh blood from a healthy animal may 
be of service. 

OSTEOMALACIA. 

Name the synonym. 

Cachexia ossifraga. 

Define this disease. 

It is a systemic condition, with a diminution in the amount of 
calcareous salts in the bones of the adult, characterized by softening 
and deformity of the tone from reabsorption of these salts. 

What are the post-mortem appearances? 

This disease was described by Koloff in 1856, when the disease 
became epizootic in Germany. 

An early examination of the bones shows the marrow con- 
gested, while the remaining portion of the bone appears about 
normal. The little canals are enlarged, and there is more blood 
in the vessels. 

As the disease progresses, the medullary cavities become filled 
up, the presence of which is recognized by little red spots in the 
marrow. 

On the inner surface, little scales of bone are seen, which soon 
become absorbed. The bone becomes more brittle, friable, and the 
walls thinner, on account of the absorption of the lime salts, and 
are very prone to fracture. 

A section of bone, when seen under the microscope, shows an 
absence of the salts. 

Give the aetiology of osteomalacia. 

This disease is rarely seen in the equine race, being more 
commonly met with among bovines. 



CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. 109 

It is seen among animals in zoological gardens, and more es- 
pecially among pregnant animals and those giving milk. The 
more abundant the lacteal secretion, the more rapid the course. 

It is a disease of adult life, and may be due to a lack of 
the proper amount of salts in the food. It may be seen during 
dry seasons, when the ground is dry, there not being sufficient 
moisture to dissolve the salts. The want of lime salts in the 
soil; such as swampy, turfy, or sandy soils, poor in phosphoric 
acid. 

Three theories have been advanced: 

1st. Where the animals do not receive these elements in their 
food. 

2d. The acid theory, which says that lactic acid is formed 
in the stomach and dissolves the salts. 

3d. The inflammatory theory — that an inflammation of the 
periosteum and bone substance takes place. 

The first is probably the best, as the disease can be produced 
artifically by giving food not containing these salts. 

The action of bacteria has also been suggested. 



What are the symptoms? 

The first symptom noticed is called pica (hunger, depraved 
appetite) . These animals eat foreign bodies, such as sticks, straw, 
etc. ; they lick the attendant's clothes, or they lick the walls, 
especially if they have been whitewashed. 

If the disease is allowed to go on, there is trouble in locomo- 
tion; the animal is stiff, and in walking the legs become more or 
less entangled by the animal crossing them, and a cracking and 
snapping of the joints is often heard. Percussion over the bones 
gives a clear and hollow sound. 

The articulations are hot, swollen, and painful; the animal 
does not stand still, but is constantly moving. 

These animals seem to prefer lying down, and it is often dif- 
ficult for them to get up, evincing pain when they do. Efforts 
at micturition and defecation cause pain. 

At first there is no fever, but later there is often a slight 
rise in temperature, the pulse becomes increased, and emaciation 
is well marked. 

The ligaments binding the joints may become loosened from 
their attachments or may become absorbed, and dislocation or 



110 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

fracture of the bones of the hind extremity or of the pelvis is the 
result. The pelvis is apt to break down when the foetus is present. 
Fracture of ribs may take place. 

What is the prognosis? 

The prognosis is favorable if seen early and the proper kind 
of food is given. If the disease is allowed to go on, the animal 
dies of asthenia. 

Roloff says that these fractures get well by the formation of 
a callous, while others say a union rarely takes place; false joints 
are formed. 

The fractures in these instances are painless. 

What is the treatment ? 

Eemove the cause, which is, in many cases, the lack of proper 
food; in these instances it is well to change the pasture and supply 
those articles that are wanting. 

Give ground phosphates (bone dust), one or two ounces two 
or three times a day, and along with this a little common salt. 

Stop the milking and allow the animal to dry up. If a 
valuable one, give linseed oil, or, better, cod-liver oil, either of 
these having a tendency to fatten and act as a tonic. I prefer 
giving carron oil, which consists of equal parts of linseed oil and 
lime water. Of this mixture two or four ounces may be given in 
the feed. The linseed oil may be substituted by cod-liver oil. 

Give nitrogenous food, rich in calcareous salts, grains in the 
shape of oats or dry clover; fruit is also very beneficial. 

Oil-cake prepared with the food may be used. Then, again, 
the preparations of iron, iodine. Stomachics to aid digestion and 
keep up appetite. 

EICKETS. 

Name the synonyms. 

Eachitis, bone softening. 

Define Rachitis. 

This is a general or constitutional disease, affecting nutrition, 
and characterized by a lacJc of calcareous salts in the bone, pro- 
ducing alteration in their growth and shape. 

What is the aetiology? 

This is a disease of youth, and the animal may be born with 



CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. Ill 

it or it may become developed very shortly after birth; the salts 
have not been deposited. 

Rickets is met with in young foals, high-bred dogs, in calves, 
lambs, pigs, and among wild animals born in confinement. 

It may be caused by improper nourishment while in utero, 
or after birth where only allowed to suck once or twice a day, or 
where the food does not contain the necessary variety and quantity 
of the proximate principles. Infection has been set forth by some. 

What is the morbid anatomy ? 

This is not a local disease of the bones of the extremities, as 
many imagine, but may and does affect all the bones of the body, 
as well as other tissues. 

The bones show the most important changes, especially the 
long bones at their extremities. 

There is an irregularity of the line of ossification, which is 
more spongy and vascular. The periosteum, which is thickened, 
strips off and displays a spongoid tissue. These changes cause a de- 
lay of ossification, so that the bones are not so firm and do not grow 
so rapidly. Chemically, the calcareous salts show a diminution, 
in some cases of twenty-five to thirty-five per cent. 

The spleen and liver enlarge. 

What are the symptoms? 

The bones are soft, the articulations swollen, which causes 
them to change their shape wherever pressure is brought to bear; 
the bones of the extremities bend under the weight of the body, 
giving the names of how-legged, Tcnoclc-Jcneed, cow-hocked, pigeon- 
toed, according to the location of the condition. 

The pelvis often becomes narrow, the spine twisted or 
curved. If it curves downward it is called lordosis, or saddle- 
lack; if curved upward, hyplwsis, carp-bacJc, or roach-haclc ; if side- 
curving, scoliosis. The breast-bone may become prominent, when 
it receives the name of cJiiclcen-breasfed. The ribs bulge out, and 
enlargements are seen at the junction of the false and true ribs; 
the abdomen is thus prominent, the name of pot-gut being given 
to this condition. 

There is an impaired appetite and digestion, slight fever, pain 
on motion or pressure, inability to walk in some cases, emaciation, 
delayed dentition, the teeth being irregular, muscles are soft and 
weak, mucous membranes pale, flatulency, diarrhoea in some cases, 
and at times nervous symptoms appear, the animal being uneasy. 



112 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What is the prognosis ? 

The disease itself is not fatal, as a rule, but is apt to produce 
an unsound animal or leave the animal in such condition as to 
render it liable to other affections. Complications may arise which 
may make the prognosis grave. 

Deformities may result, varying in extent, which may or may 
not interfere with the usefulness of the animal. 

Outline the treatment. 

A laxative or purgative is usually required at the onset, to 
rid the alimentary canal of the undigested material which is usually 
present; in these cases linseed oil combined with sodium or potas- 
sium bicarbonate, in the form of an emulsion, can be employed. 

Then cod-liver oil with preparations of iron or lime-water, 
given three times a day if the stomach does not rebel. 

A drachm or so of prepared bone-dust given in the food. 

Quinine in tonic doses is often useful. Fowler's solution of 
arsenic, nux vomica, pepsin, pancreatin, etc., may be used in cases 
indicated. 

Pure air, exercise, and good food are important. The food 
should consist of the mother's milk, if possible. In other cases, 
cows' milk, to which lime has been added to aid its digestion. 

To prevent this disease, feed pregnant animals properly, and 
in this way lessen or prevent the disease. 

If there is any deformity, it should be corrected by the use 
of padded splints; the inflamed parts that are painful can be bathed 
with anodyne liniments, after which stimulating liniments are of 
service. 

OSTEOPOROSIS. 

Name the synonyms. 

Big-head; eccentric atrophy of bone. 

Give the definition. 

This is a porous condition of the bone, characterized by an 
enlargement of them due to a dilatation of the Haversian canals, 
with atrophy or absorption of the compact bony substance. 

What is the causation? 

This is very common among the equines in certain districts, 
and may be seen among high-bred horses as well as common-bred 
work horses. 



CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. 113 

There are certain districts or regions of this country, as Long 
Island, New Jersey, Ohio, and Illinois, where this disease is quite 
common. It does not seem to affect the Yankee horses, as a rule. 

The climate and the soil have something to do with it; there 
is absence of some of the salts. There may be an absence of some- 
thing in the soil or in the feed which has to do with the formation 
of bone. 

It is possible that this disease may be of germ origin, as in 
some respects it resembles diseases of this sort. 

What is the morbid anatomy? 

The vascular and fibrous tissues become increased without 
any increase of bone. 

The contents of the cells and the cavities become abnormally 
developed, the bones thickened, especially those of the lower jaw. 
The bones of the extremities and the articulations are often en- 
larged. In some cases ulceration of the cartilage may be present. 

The bones of the animal are brittle and very prone to fracture; 
if the animal were pulling a big truck and should fall, there is a 
liability to fracture, especially of the ilium; it is often necessary 
to differentiate this condition from other troubles. 

Give the symptoms: 

These are somewhat characteristic. 

We usually get a history — that the animal is a poor feeder; at 
first they were good feeders, were in good condition, but they began 
to fall away and did not eat well. They have a peculiar tucked-up 
appearance of the abdomen. 

If you make them trot, they travel with the so-called short 
dog-trot gait; there is no knee action, the front legs are stiff and 
straight, and they often look as though they were going fast, but 
they are not. 

The transverse diameter of the lower jaw is increased; ordi- 
narily it may be, say, half an inch or so, while in this disease 
it may be three or four inches. Pressure on the diseased bones 
causes pain. 

Very often, in young animals, the roots of the molar teeth 
give prominence to the face, and we should be careful not to mis- 
take the two. In Shetland ponies it is often difficult to diagnose, 
as the bones of the face are naturally prominent. 



114 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Another symptom is lameness, which is very well marked in 
some cases, but is hard to localize. Generally, the articulation, as 
the shoulder- joint and the hip-joint, may be involved. Lameness 
is apt to shift. We often call it rheumatic lameness, as it has a 
tendency to shift; sometimes it may be due to traction by the 
muscular and tendinous attachments. The articulations may be 
diseased, or the ends of the bones under the cartilage, and when 
in this condition are very liable to fracture. These animals are 
often down and unable to get up. 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

When a horse is brought to you lame, in a hind or front leg, 
and you look him over and cannot locate the lameness, examine 
for osteoporosis. 

The patient, as a rule, is not fleshy, is tucked up; the bones 
of the jaw are increased in diameter — both the lower and the upper 
jaw. 

These animals are usually poor feeders and are apt to have 
a shifting lameness, travelling from one leg to another. 

Give the prognosis. 

This depends on the age of the animal and the extent of the 
disease. 

The milder cases in 5'oung animals may be benefited and in 
some cases entirely relieved. 

In other cases the prognosis is grave, and, as a rule, the ani- 
mals are best destroyed. 

Outline the treatment. 

There does not seem to be any medicine that has any partic- 
ular effect. 

We say, turn him over to the green doctor — turn him out to 
^ass on soil containing lime salts. 

Sometimes give a physic, followed by cod-liver oil with cal- 
cium phosphate, and give other drugs that may be indicated. 

In cases where the jaws are very sore, ground oats may be 
given. 

Locally, anod5Tie and stimulating liniments are of service. 

DIABETES. 
What are the forms ? 

There are two forms — diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. 



CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. 116 



DIABETES MELLITUS. 

Give the synonym. 

Glycosuria. 

Define this form. 

This is a constitutional disorder of nutrition in which sugar 
accumulates in the blood and is excreted through the urine, the 
daily amount of which is greatly increased. 

What is the aetiology ? 

Too much food, especially carbo-hydrates and peptones, with 
little exercise; also, changes in liver functions, pregnancy, faulty 
metabolism, certain poisons or pathogenetic organisms. 

Briefly state what is known of the morbid anatomy. 

Comparatively very little is known of the morbid anatomy. 
The liver is enlarged and fatty, the pancreas smaller, the kidneys 
show nephritis and are fatty, the blood contains sugar. 

Give the symptoms. 

They usually show themselves more or less slowly; there is 
loss of strength, alterations of digestion, increased thirst, which 
is very noticeable, passage of large quantities of urine containing 
sugar; exertion causes fatigue, and there is a marked and progres- 
sive emaciation, although the appetite is ravenous. The skin is 
dry and harsh, constipation apt to be present, the tongue dry, the 
saliva being scanty. 

The urine has a high specific gravity, is pale in color, almost 
like water, has a sweetish odor and a sweetish taste. 

To test the urine for sugar, use any of the following tests: 
Fehling's, Trommer's, or fermentation test. 

Give the prognosis. 

Eecovery is rare. Cases may be temporarily relieved. 

What treatment is recommended ? 

Good grooming and attention to the diet are important. Avoid 
food containing sugar. 

Drugs indicated are opium, codeia, potassium bromide, arsenic, 
salicylates, lithium salts, strychnine, creasote, lactic acid, nitro- 
glycerine, sulphide of calcium, bromide of arsenic, etc. 



116 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE- 



DIABETES INSIPIDUS. 

What are the synonyms ? 

Polyuria, chronic diuresis. 

Give the definition. 

This is a chronic affection, characterized by thirst, emaciation, 
and the passage of large quantities of pale urine, which has a low 
specific gravity. 

What are the causes ? 

They are not well understood; traumatic injuries, especially 
to the nervous system, tumors of the brain, aneurisms; some ner- 
vous irritation affecting the medulla, either directly or indirectly. 

Give the symptoms. 

The disease usually comes on slowly; the first symptoms no- 
ticed are the passage of large quantities of urine and an increased 
thirst. The urine has a low specific gravity, is watery and very 
pale; the appetite is good, but not increased; the mouth and skin 
are dry, but the animals seem well nourished. 

How is diabetes insipidus diagnosed ? 

By the passage of large quantities of urine of a low specific 
gravity, not containing sugar, except, possibly, in small quantities; 
also by the increased thirst, the body being fairly well nourished, 
emaciation not marked. These symptoms point out the distinction 
between the two forms of diabetes. 

What is the treatment ? 

Nothing seems to give satisfaction. The following are among 
the drugs recommended : Ergot, valerian, gallic acid, mineral acids, 
antipyrin, arsenic, turpentine, strychnine, potassium iodide, bro- 
mides, salicylates, etc. 



SECTION IV. 

LOCAL DISEASES. 

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 

I. PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS. 

Define Physical Diagnosis. 

It is the art of discovering disease by means of the senses, 
especially with the eye, the ear, and the touch. 

What are the methods employed? 

They are: 1, Inspection; 2, palpation; 3, mensuration; 4, suc- 
cussion; 5, percussion; 6, auscultation. 

Which are of the greatest value ? 

Auscultation and percussion, usually, and especially in lung 
diseases. 

What is inspection ? 

This signifies the act of looking at. Comparing one side with 
the other to note the condition of the parts. 

What are the principal things to note on inspection? 

It reveals the size, form, color, position, state of a part, to- 
gether with the movements; the state of the pupils, the acts of 
respiration, etc., are thereby noted. 

What is meant by palpation? 

By palpation is understood the application of the palmar sur- 
face of the hand and fingers, to appreciate impressions which may 
be conveyed through the sense of touch. 

What may be obtained by palpation? 

The heart beat, the condition of swellings, the frequency of 
respirations, to locate spots of soreness, to ascertain whether the 
part is hot, cold, moist, or dry, and to otherwise prove what is 
revealed by inspection. 

117 



118 PEACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Define mensuration. 

The act of measuring with a tape, and is seldom used, as it is 
of no practical importance. It consists of measuring from the 
withers to the sternum on either side, and comparing. 

What is succussion ? 

It is a splashing sound, heard when the thoracic or abdominal 
cavity contains a large quantity of fluid and the body is given a 
sudden or jerky movement, the ear or hands being applied over 
the walls of the cavity. 

The sound resembles that produced by the shaking of a keg 
partly filled with water. 

Succussion is useful in the smaller animals, as they can be 
shaken to better advantage. 

Define percussion. 

This is the act of strihing a part to ascertain the composition 
of the structures. Percussion is very important, and yields much 
information which is of value in making a diagnosis. 

What are the methods employed ? 

There are two — the immediate and the mediate. 

Define each. 

The immediate (also called direct percussion) is performed by 
directly striking the walls of the thorax with the fingers, but this 
method is not much used. 

Mediate, or indirect percussion, is where some medium (as the 
fingers, pleximeter, etc.) is placed over the part percussed and struck 
with the fingers or a hammer. 

The so-called digital percussion is, in ordinary practice, prob- 
ably the most practical, and the stroke should be performed from 
the wrist and perpendicularly to the surface. 

What are the objects of percussion ? 

We percuss to obtain sounds which vary with the degree of 
elasticity or resistance of the parts percussed. 

What are the principal sounds elicited ? 

They are the tympanitic, the dull, and the clear, and, to appre- 
ciate the difference, one must become familiar with the intensity, 
character, and pitch of these sounds. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 119 

In percussion of the normal chest what is obtained ? 

A clear or normal pulmonary r&sonancej as there is no exact 
standard, both sides should be percussed and compared to obtain 
the standard for each animal. 

Name some of the abnormal sounds. 

(1) Hyper-resonance, (2) dulness, (3) tympanitic. 

What is hyper-resonance ? 

It is where there is more air present than is normally found, 
and for this reason elicits, on percussion, what is known as in- 
creased resonance, or hyper-resonance. 

In what conditions do we obtain hyper-resonance ? 

In pulmonary emphysema, atrophy of the lungs, consolidation 
of the opposite lung. 

Define dulness. 

Dulness is the absence of resonance, and is due to an increase 
of solid material in proportion to the amount of air. 

The pitch is increased or heightened, according to the amount 
of air and the increase of the solid tissue. 

What is flatness 7 

If there be an entire absence of resonance, the sound elicited 
is called or said to be -flat. 

Where may dulness be obtained ? 

In the so-called second and third stages of pneumonia, in 
tuberculosis, and in some cases of pleurisy. 

Flatness is obtained when percussing over fluid, as in pleurisy 
with effusion, hydrothorax, ascites, etc. 

What is the tympanitic sound ? 

This is a drum-like sound, ringing in character, and higher 
pitched than the normal resonance, and is non-YCsicular, 

Explain the amphoric sound. 

The amphoric or metallic sound is a tympanitic sound of high 
pitch, confined to one place, and is heard over a large cavity. 

Describe cracked-pot sound. 

Also a variety of the tympanitic sound; is heard over a cavity 
that communicates with the bronchial tubes. 



120 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Where may the tympanitic sound be obtained? 

In flatulent colic, oedema of the lungs, in pleurisy above the 
level of the liquid, and in cavities of the lungs. 

What is auscultation ? 

By this is understood the act of listening to sounds produced 
within the thoracic cavity during the act of respiration. 

This method, which is the most important of the physical 
signs, offers the best means by which the various affections of the 
respiratory organs may be difiEerentiated. 

How may auscultation be accomplished ? 

By placing the ear directly against the chest-walls — called the 
immediate method; or by the use of instruments called the stetho- 
scope and the phonendoscope — known as mediate auscultation. In 
ordinary practice the former is the more preferable. 

What are the sounds heard within the normal chest ? 

Over the larynx or trachea a sound is heard within, termed 
the normal laryngeal respiration ; it is heard both on inspiration 
and expiration, is high-pitched and tubular in character. 

This sound is identical with the abnormal sound heard over 
the bronchial tubes, and called ironchial breathing. 

Over the lung-tissue the normal vesicular murmur is heard, and 
is produced by the expansion and contraction of the air-vesicles 
of the lungs. 

The inspiratory part of the sound is of variable intensity, its 
pitch is low, its quality soft and breezy, and is termed vesicular. 
It lasts during the entire act of inspiration. 

The expiratory part is not always heard; its intensity is feeble, 
pitch is low, and of a soft and blowing character. 

How may the normal sounds be altered ? 

The respiratory murmur may become altered in its intensity, 
in its rhythm, and in its character. 

The intensity of the respiratory murmur may be increased, 
diminished, or absent. 

What does increased respiration denote ? 

Increased or exaggerated respiration denotes a want of action 
of some other portion of the lung, and is therefore an indirect 
evidence of disease in some part of the lung-tissue. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 121 

Describe diminished respiration. 

There is a diminished intensity and duration of the sound 
and is seen in old animals. 

When is the murmur absent ? 

This occurs whenever there is a blocking up of the bronchial 
tubes or air-cells, or a filling of the pleural cavity with fluid, and 
thus causing pressure. 

AVhat changes may take place in the rhythm of the res- 
piratory murmur ? 

It may be interrupted, the interval between the inspiratory and 
expiratory acts prolonged, or the expiratory act prolonged. 

How may the quality of the respiratory murmur be 
changed ? 

It may be harsh, bronchial, cavernous, or amphoric. 

Define each. 

Harsh respiration, or broncho-vesicular breathing, is where both 
the inspiratory and expiratory sounds have lost their softness, and 
usually indicates consolidation of lung-tissue. 

Bronchial respiration is characterized by the absence of all 
vesicular quality. Inspiration is high-pitched and tubular, while 
expiration is still higher pitched, prolonged, and tubular. 

Cavernous respiration is a blowing sound, and not always heard 
during both acts of respiration. It is heard over a cavity com- 
municating with the bronchial tubes. 

Amphoric respiration is a blowing respiration, having a metal- 
lic or musical quality, and is heard over a large cavity with firm 
walls. 

Define rSies. 

Rales are adventitious sounds, so-called because they have no 
analogue in health. They cannot be considered as modifications 
of respiration. 

How may rales be divided? 

They may be divided according to their character and accord- 
ing to their anatomical situation. 



122 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

According to their character what kinds of rales are 
there ? 

Rales are either dj'y or moist. 

According to the situation how are they divided ? 

Into laryngeal, hroncJiial, vesicular, cavernous, and pleural. 

Describe dry r^les. 

Dry rales are produced when the bronchial tubes are narrowed 
from a thickening of the mucous membrane, or when the mucus 
present cannot be broken up by the air. 

They are high-pitched when in the smaller bronchial tubes, 
and are called sibilant or whistling rales. 

When in the larger tubes, they are low-pitched and are called 
sonorous rales. The position of dry rales is not influenced by 
respiration. 

Describe moist rSles. 

These are produced by air passing through fluids that are 
readily displaced by the air during respiration. 

When in the larger tubes, they are termed large huhhling or 
mucous rales, while in the smaller tubes they are called small tub- 
hling, mucous, or subcrepitant rales. 

Moist rales are influenced by respiration, and are thus liable 
to a change of position as the mucus becomes coughed up. 

What are laryngeal rales ? 

Laryngeal or tracheal rales are those heard over the larynx or 
trachea, and may be either dry or moist rales. 

Moist rales in this situation are known as death rattles. 

Explain bronchial rales. 

BroncMal rales are either dry or moist. The dry are called 
sibilant or sonorous, according to the situation; the moist are 
termed large or small bubbling or mucous rales. 

Describe the vesicular rales. 

This is a very fine sound or series of uniform and fine sounds, 
and heard only on inspiration. It is called a crepitant rale, and re- 
sembles the noise produced by throwing salt on a fire, or the rub- 
bing of a lock of hair between the fingers. 

This rale is heard during the first stage of pneumonia. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 123 

What are cavernous rales ? 

These are called gurgling rales, and heard over pulmonary 
cavities containing liquid and connecting with the bronchial tubes. 

What are pleural rales ? 

They are sounds produced by the movement of the pleura, 
and may be dry or moist. 

■ The dry pleural rale, or friction sound, is present in the first 
stage of pleurisy, produced by the rubbing together of the two 
roughened layers of the pleura. 

The moist pleural rale may be heard in the third stage of 
pleurisy, as the fluid is becoming absorbed and the layers of the 
pleura are moist. 

It may also be called the rubbing and sticking sound. 

The metallic tinlcKng sound is heard especially during the 
second stage of pleurisy with effusion. It may be heard by apply- 
ing the ear over the chest above the line of fluid, or, better, at the 
nostril. 

2. DISEASES OF THE NASAL PASSAGE. 

NASAL CATAERH. 

How many and what are the forms of nasal catarrh ? 

There are two forms, the acute nasal catarrh and chronic nasal 
catarrh. 

ACUTE NASAL CATARRH. 

What are the synonyms? 

Coryza, acute rhinitis, cold in the head. 

Define acute nasal catarrh. 

Catarrh signifies to flow down. It is an acute catarrhal in- 
flammation of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity, char- 
acterized by fever and a discharge from the mucous membrane of 
the nose. 

Give the causes of coryza. 

Primary or so-called idiopathic coryza may arise from atmos- 
pheric changes, seen especially in the spring and autumn, when 
there is a chilling of the skin. 



124 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

The inhalation of irritating gases, as smoke, particles of septic 
dust, dirty hay, or dirty feed. 

This is rarely met with as a simple disease, it generally being 
associated with deeper inflammations, as following ulceration of 
the mucous membrane of the nose, in glanders, or it may be sec- 
ondary to leucocythffimia, anasmia, pharyngitis, laryngitis. 

Bacteria acting on the inflamed membrane. 

What is the pathology? 

Two STAGES are recognized — first, or dry stage, and second 
or moist stage. 

There is an excessive amount of blood in the mucous mem- 
brane, which is reddened, thickened, and dry in the beginning; 
then there is an infiltration into the mucous membrane of the nose, 
causing a thin, watery discharge, the mucous glands beginning 
to secrete; the discharge becomes thickened and a sticky mucus 
after a time, or it may become muco-purulent on account of the 
desquamation of the cells of the mucous membrane and a gen- 
eration of new cells. 

What are the symptoms? 

First Stage. — There is a cold in the head, the animal is dull 
and has an apparent headache, lessened appetite, more or less shiv- 
ering, followed by fever (the temperature is elevated two, three, 
or four degrees). 

The membranes being reddened, thickened, and dry, give rise 
to sneezing. This stage lasts from several hours to several days. 

Second Stage. — Following this dry stage, the mucous mem- 
brane is shiny, much swollen, and cedematous ; there is a discharge 
which at first is thin and watery, but soon becomes thickened and 
opaque and of a whitish color, due to the white blood-cells; 
in some cases it may be yellowish; crusts often form around 
nostrils. 

The mucous membrane of the eyes becomes involved, being 
dry and reddened at first, but soon a discharge takes place, which 
at first is thin and watery, and later thick and pus-like. 

What is the duration of an acute case ? 

The milder cases last about a week, while the more severe 
cases twice that time or longer, depending on the constitution of 
the animal and the severity of the attack. 



DISEASES OF THE EESPIEATORY SYSTEM. 125 

How is this disease diagnosed ? 

The diagnosis is easy, the symptoms being usually well marked. 

The discharge from the nose, the absence of symptoms of 
other diseases, and the elevation of temperature two or three 
degrees. 

What is the prognosis ? 

It is favorable if seen early and the animal is otherwise in good 
health. Some cases, and especially neglected ones, often become 
chronic or complications may arise — eye, mouth, throat, sinuses, 
etc., may become involved; these cases last longer. 

What is the treatment ? 

Both local and systemic. 

In the milder cases, simple nursing may be all that is necessary. 

Keep the body warm by the use of blankets and bandages. 
Put the animal in a box-stall where there is good, pure air, but 
free from drafts. 

This trouble is often cut short by the use of quinine or opium 
with camphor. Steaming is also used; bran put in a pail, with hot 
water poured on, can be placed in a feed-bag and the animal al- 
lowed to inhale the steam, which is often very soothing. It is well 
not to confine the animal's head too completely but to allow a cer- 
tain amount of air to be taken with the steam. A steam-producer 
is now in common use by veterinarians, the advantage being that 
disinfection can be accomplished at the same time. 

If there is much fever, potassium nitrate and tartar emetic 
can be given in the drinking-water. 

Injections to unload the rectum are often beneficial. 

The diet should consist of bland food, easily digestible, which 
is far better than forcing too highly nitrogenous food. 

CHEONIC NASAL CATAERH. 

What are the synonyms ? 

Nasal gleet, ozena, chronic rhinitis, fetid nasal catarrh. 

What is chronic nasal catarrh? 

The word catarrh cannot properly be used, but it is held in 
many text-books. 

It is a chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane lining 
the nasal passages, accompanied by more or less structural alter- 
ation and an increased discharge. 



126 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What is the aetiology ? 

It is much more rare than the acute form; it may follow an 
acute attack, or it may be caused by nasal polypi, or from irritating 
substances in the nose; also from decayed teeth, or it may depend 
on ulcerations of glanders, or an inflammation of the mucous mem- 
brane of the sinuses, or an accumulation of pus, or be associated 
with leucocythaemia, ansemia, or may be of specific origin. 

What is the pathology ? 

The mucous membrane is of a dark-red color, at times grayish, 
is thickened more or less, the veins are often dilated and varicose 
and forming polypoid enlargements, or there may be ulceration of 
the structures with a more or less loss of substance. 

The discharge is thick, of a greenish-yellow color, and often 
fetid. The mucus often dries on the septum or around the nostrils 
and forms crusts. These crusts often become dislodged in the act 
of sneezing, snorting, or coughing. The amount of discharge 
varies. 

What is the semiology ? 

The disease is very often unilateral, and, if so, we should be 
suspicious of glanders, which is very often difficult to differentiate, 
except by the use of malleine. 

The mucous membranes of the nose are very frequently of a 
bluish tint, with enlarged veins filled with blood. At times, the 
surface of the mucous membranes presents erosions. 

There is a discharge, which varies in consistency and color; 
in some cases it is thin and watery, while in others it is opaque 
and contains broken-down material. 

If the head is down near the ground or the animal is in mo- 
tion, there is an increase in the amount of discharge. 

In some cases there is swelling of the intermaxillary glands. 

How is the disease diagnosed and what is the differen- 
tial diagnosis? 

We should first try to get the cause — that is, the disease to 
which it is secondary. 

The diagnosis is made by the history of the case, the discharge 
having continued for a length of time; the color of the mucous 
membrane and the character of the discharge. 

If the discharge is due to a decayed tooth, there will be a dis- 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 127 

gusting odor present. If due to pus in the sinuses, there may be 
swelling of the bones of the head over that particular part; there 
will be dulness on percussion, and ofttimes it becomes necessary 
to trephine to enable us to make a diagnosis. 

What is the prognosis and duration? 

It is very often grave, these cases usually taking a long time 
to recover, should recovery take place at all. 

It may take weeks, months, or possibly years. 

What treatment is used? 

Ozena is tedious to treat; some cases never get well. If the 
discharge is from the mucous membrane and there is no pus in the 
sinuses, inhalations are often very beneficial — tar placed on a shovel 
that has been heated, or sulphur, or juniper berry may be burned 
and the animal allowed to inhale the fumes; steam containing 
carbolic acid, creolin, terebin, etc. 

Peroxide of hydrogen and lime-water (equal parts) may be 
found beneficial in some cases. 

Injections may be used. A syringe has been invented for the 
human subject and from which good results have been obtained. 
Half per cent, solution of carbolic acid, zinc sulphate, nitrate of 
silver. 

Powders, as iodoform, can be blown into the nose (insuffla- 
tion). Blister over nasal cavity in some cases. 

If pus is in the sinuses, trephine and allow it to escape; then 
syringe out the sinuses daily until the discharge has thoroughly 
stopped. 

Internally, give good food, etc., to build up the system. 

Copper sulphate, one to two drams, in ball. Cantharides, 
three to five grains, two or three times per day. In other cases, 
tartar emetic with sulphate of iron, given three times a day for 
a week or so. 

Do not allow these animals to drink out of a trough where 
others drink. (A good rule in all cases where there is a discharge 
from the nose.) 

EPISTAXIS. 

What are the synonyms ? 

Kasal hemorrhage, nose-bleed. 



128 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Define epistaxis. 

It comes from the two words, epi, signifying "upon," and 
stazo, " I drop." It is a symptom of some affection characterized 
by bleeding from the nose. 

Give the atiology and the symptoms. 

On account of vascularity the mucous membrane of the nose is 
very prone to bleed. It is met with in hot weather, where the 
animal has been overdriven or overworked in the hot sun. The 
bleeding takes place from the nose on account of the congestion. 
The congestion may take place in the lungs or in the mucous 
membrane of the nose. When the blood comes from the mucous 
membrane of the nose, it is clear and flows in a stream, or drop by 
drop. When it comes from the lungs, it is frothy on account of being 
admixed with air. 

Injuries, foreign bodies in the nasal cavity, knife of the sur- 
geon, ulcerations or the action of micro-organisms. It is often the 
first symptom of glanders, and very frequently aids us in the 
diagnosis of that disease. Depressed condition of the system. 

It may also be associated with strangles, purpura haemor- 
rhagica, leucocythaemia, hfemophilia. 

What is the treatment ? 

The main principle of treatment is to keep the animal quiet; 
remove cause, apply ice to the face, blow tannin and the like up 
the nostrils. Five to ten per cent, solution chloride of iron or 
a solution of alum. 

It may be necessary to plug up the nostrils — that is, to resort 
to pressure or the actual cautery. 

Internally, iron, ergot, belladonna, tannin, pyrogallic acid, 
etc., according to the complications. 



3. DISEASES OF THE LARYNX. 

LAEYNGITIS. 

What are the synonyms? 

Sore throat. 

What are the forms of laryngitis ? 

Acute and chronic; some add the subacute. 



DISEASES OF THE KESPIliATORY SYSTEM. 129 

ACUTE CATAEEHAL LAEYNGITIS. 

What is acute catarrhal laryngitis? 

It is an acute inflaiuniation of the mucous membrane lining 
the larynx with products of a catarrhal inflammation, characterized 
by fever, a cough, and difficult deglutition. 

What is the pathology? 

There is redness, swelling, and softening of the mucous mem- 
brane of the larynx, which is at first dry, due to the arrest of the 
secretion of the mucous glands; soon we find the membrane cov- 
ered with mucus, which contains epithelial and pus-cells. 

On post mortem, there is often less redness and swelling than 
there is during life, owing to the richness of elastic tissue. The 
redness and swelling are due to an increased amount of blood and 
the infiltration into the membrane. 

The inflammation runs a more or less rapid course, and the 
parts return to the normal; in some cases it may become chronic. 
If superficial erosions are present, there may be ecchymotic spots, 
or even an escape of blood, due to an involvement of the capillary 
vessels. 

In some cases it is limited to a portion of the larynx, chiefly 
near the epiglottis, in which case it is apt to be associated with an 
inflammation of the fauces and pharynx. 

The danger in this form of laryngitis is due to the submucous 
inflammation as well as to spasm of the glottis, which the infiltra- 
tion causes. 

What is the aetiology ? 

It is caused by chillings of the skin, as when the animals have 
long hair and sweat easily. It is often seen in the spring or fall, 
when there is a change in the atmosphere. 

It is also caused by inhalations of irritating gases, smoke, dust, 
etc. Continued pressure or mechanical injuries to the larynx may 
be a cause, as a tight throat latch ; it is often associated with stran- 
gles, nasal catarrh, influenza, etc. 

Micro-organisms play an important part. 

What are the symptoms of acute laryngitis ? 

A chill may be present and there are well-marked febrile 
symptoms ; the pulse is quickened and full, the temperature is 105° 
to 106° F,, and there is a cough present which is at first dry and 



130 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

husky and hard, but after a time it becomes looser and is often 
accompanied by an expectoration. In some cases the cough ia 
suppressed on account of the pain. 

The position of the head is often well-marked, the nose being 
extended in the air in a more or less horizontal position. 

Pressure over the larynx with the fingers causes the animal 
to throw his head up in the air and to cough. 

We should be careful not to make the animal cough after we 
have made our diagnosis, as it produces pain and irritation. 

There is apt to be an impairment of the appetite, the animal 
being unable in many instances to swallow solid food. 

The glands in that region are more or less swollen. The res- 
pirations may be interfered with, when the swelling about the 
glottis is extensive. 

How is the disease diagnosed ? 

By the exceedingly high temperature, by the position of the 
head, by the cough, and by the difficulty in swallowing solid food 
and pain on pressure over that region. 

What is the prognosis? 

The prognosis is good, as a rule, the case lasting ten days to 
two weeks or longer. 

How would you treat a case of this sort ? 

The treatment varies somewhat; counter-irritation, in the 
form of liniments or mustard, a second application often being 
necessary. Others prefer blister, which is not so irritating and 
is more lasting in its action. 

Internally, we should avoid bulky medicines, as they cause 
irritation and are apt to be coughed up. 

Belladonna extract, two drams, which makes a small pill, can 
be given. 

If the animal does not eat well and is debilitated, quinine 
should be given. 

The fluid extract of aconite and belladonna, syringed into the 
mouth and fauces, acts generally and locally. 

Electuaries are especially indicated in these cases; they may 
contain potassium chlorate, or boracic acid, or camphor, or opium, 
or powdered belladonna root, etc., mixed with licorice root and 
molasses or honey. 



DISEASES OF THE EESPIEATORY SYSTEM. 131 

A gargle of silver nitrate may be thrown back into the fauces 
by means of a syringe, or the tincture of capsicum may be so used; 
these irritate during first stages. 

Carbolic acid, alum, potassium chlorate, etc., may also be used. 
A two per cent, solution of cocaine may be used, especially in the 
latter stages, where a hacking cough remains. 

Steaming with hot water medicated with a non-irritating dis- 
infectant vapor is very useful, in connection with a gargle, electuary, 
or counter-irritation. 

Where the fever is high and the membrane is dry, potassium 
nitrate with small doses of tartar emetic can be given in the drink- 
ing-water two, three, or four times a day. 

Bland food should be given, and food that is easily digested, 
especially when the fever is high. Bran mashes, or a layer of oats 
and bran with a pinch of salt, and hot water, often tempts these 
animals to try to eat. 

Be sure that the manger is perfectly clean; have it washed 
out thoroughly, as it may contain food wet with the discharge from 
the throat. It is well to feed these animals out of a clean pail and 
tempt them to eat. 

CHRONIC LARYNGITIS. 

What is the synonym ? 

Chronic sore throat. 

Define chronic laryngitis. 

It is a chronic inflammation of the lining membrane of the 
larynx, with an involvement of the submucous tissue, characterized 
by a persistent cough. 

What is the pathology? 

The mucous membrane is more or less coated with mucus or 
pus. The membrane is darker in color, often a grayish-red or a 
bluish tint, due to the ecchymosis; the membrane may be softer 
or firmer than normal, and the mucous glands are more or less 
large and prominent, with a thickening of the submucous tissue. 
If the membrane of the trachea is involved, it becomes reddened 
over the rings and darker or grayish in between. 



132 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What is the causation? 

It may occur as a primarj'^ disease or as the result of several 
acute attacks; or, again, it may be the sequela or an extension of 
a pharyngitis, or a chronic nasal catarrh, or a bronchitis. 

What are the symptoms ? 

They seem to be altogether local, and consist principally in 
a hoarse and husky persistent cough, the animal otherwise being 
apparently healthy; they eat well and seem to feel well. 

If the animal is taken out of a warm stall into the cooler air, 
he coughs for a time, causing a white mucous discharge. There 
is some pain on pressure over the larynx, associated with coughing; 
there is thickening of the mucous membrane, with varicose veins, 

W^hat is the prognosis ? 

This depends on the pathological changes; the prognosis is 
good as regards life. These cases are often hard to cure, especially 
in old animals. 

What is the treatment ? 

The treatment should be both constitutional and local, and is 
about the same as for an acute case. The cough may be quieted 
by giving sodium bromide, or a solution of morphine, or bella- 
donna, or cocaine. 

Locally, counter-irritation may be of service; also, astringent 
gargles. Swabbing out throat with astringent or slight caustic 
solutions, 

LARYNGEAL CEDEMA. 

What are the synonyms ? 

CEdematous laryngitis, dropsy of lar)Tix, oedema of the glottis 
(incorrectly so called). 

Give a definition of this affection. 

It is a term used to indicate the occurrence of a dropsical 
effusion or an inflammatory exudation into the areolar tissue be- 
neath the laryngeal membrane. It is really not an oedema of the 
glottis, but of the upper portion of the larynx. 

What is the pathology? 

The effusion is generally of a serous or sero-purulent character, 
and is found in the loose cellular tissue beneath the mucous mem- 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 133 

brane, principally at the base of the epiglottis, which is usually 
swollen a great deal. 

The mucous membrane may be red or pale; the effusion may 
be on one or both sides, in some eases interfering very materially 
with the entrance of air. 

Give the causes. 

It generally follows an acute case of laryngitis or pharyngitis, 
or it may be associated with blood diseases, as purpura haemor- 
rhagica, glanders, pneumonia, or pleurisy. The swallowing of irri- 
tants, or injuries may be a cause. 

How is the diagnosis made and what are the symptoms ? 

It may show itself suddenly. The most pi'ominent symptom is 
dyspnoea, and the difficulty seems to be confined to inspiration at 
first. There is not much difficulty in swallowing, nor is there 
much pain on pressure over that region. There does not seem to 
be much fever or other constitutional symptoms accompanying 
laryngitis. 

The breathing becomes noisy or difficult, there is an anxious 
look, the eye becomes prominent, there are cold sweats, the animal 
becomes uneasy, and fits of coughing may be present. 

There is a swelling of the neck over that region, and if the 
hand is introduced into the fauces the cedematous condition may 
be felt. 

What is the prognosis ? 

The prognosis should always be guarded, governed largely by 
the cause of the oedema. Aseptic tracheotomy, strict hygienic 
measures, careful nursing, and judicious nourishment will save the 
majority of cases. 

What is the treatment ? 

The object is to prevent suffocation, and there is not much 
time to be lost; the trachea should be opened at once. 

Stimulants are usually indicated; also diuretics and ab- 
sorbents. 

EOARINGk 
Give the synonyms. 

Chronic whistling, laryngeal hemiplegia, stenosis of the 
trachea, laryngismus paralyticus. 



134: PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What is understood by the term "roaring"? 

It is a symptom of a diseased condition of part of the respira- 
tory tract, characterized by an abnormal sound heard during the 
act of respiration, and at a variable distance from the patient. 

Give the causes. 

In the majority of cases it is caused by an atrophy and a 
degeneration of the dilator muscles of the glottis — the posterior 
crico-arytenoid muscles. All these muscles are innervated by the 
inferior laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of the pneumogastric. 
One of these nerves often loses its influence, becoming paralyzed 
and undergoing fatty degeneration. 

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve runs through a bunch of 
lymphatic glands, which often become enlarged and press on the 
nerve. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve, being more superficial, 
is thus more liable to injuries; other than this, it is hard to tell 
why the left side is more frequently afEected. The dilators undergo 
fatty degeneration, and, the air striking the vocal cords, causes 
vibration of them, and thus produces the sound. Some authors 
claim the healthy cord is thrown into vibration, thus causing the 
sound. 

It may depend on tumors in the nose, a thickening of the 
mucous membrane, fracture of the cartilage of the trachea. In 
some cases fibrous bands have been found; tumors in the chest 
also produce this sound; alteration in the shape of the trachea, 
the result of high checking, or traumatisms. 

Hereditary tendency comes into play; the horses with Eoman 
noses and long, thin necks seem to be more predisposed than the 
others; also, those of a lymphatic disposition, which are liable to 
lymphatic disorders, and in this way causing pressure on the nerve. 

How is roaring diagnosed? 

There are two degrees of the sound produced, which differ in 
tone and quality. When it is high pitched it is called whistling, and 
the animal is known as a whistler; when it is of a low pitch it is 
called roaring, and the animal is called a roarer. Percival experi- 
mented on these cases, and found that the greater the constriction 
the more high-pitched the sound. 

The best way to detect these cases is to give the animal a 
sharp gallop, and especially up grade (as up a hill), and then, having 
the animal stop suddenly, listen to his breathing; or back the 



DISEASES OF THE EESPIRATOKY SYSTEM. 135 

animal down a run, and if he is a whistler he will show it. Drawing 
heavy loads, especially in mud or snow, will often cause the sound 
to be heard. In some cases the sound can be detected by ausculta- 
tion over the trachea when the horse is at rest. 

What is the prognosis ? 

Depends a great deal on the cause; the prognosis is usually 
grave as regards a cure. 

In some few cases relief may be afforded and the animal able 
to do slow, easy work. The disease is slow in its course. 

Outline the treatment. 

Tracheotomy or laryngotomy may be resorted to, but the tubes, 
being foreign bodies, produce a great deal of inconvenience; again, 
the air enters directly into the lungs, possibly filled with dust, etc., 
and is not heated. 

Sometimes blistering is used; also, electricity and strychnine; 
but there seems to be no satisfactory way of treating this trouble. 

If tubes are put in permanently, they have to be taken out 
every three or four weeks or oftener, the parts and tubes thor- 
oughly cleansed, and the same or another tube replaced. 

A resection of the vocal cords, called arytenedomy, has been 
resorted to and has met with varying success. 

4. DISEASES OF THE BRONCHI. 

BEONCHITIS. 

Define bronchitis. 

Bronchitis is essentially an inflammation of the mucous mem- 
brane of the larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes (the large or 
email). 

What are the forms of bronchitis ? 

Clinically and pathologically, bronchitis in the horse may be 
divided into acute catarrhal bronchitis or the large tubes, 

CHRONIC CATARRHAL BRONCHITIS, ACUTE CAPILLARY BRONCHITIS, 
BRONCHIECTASIS. 



136 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 



ACUTE CATARRHAL BRONCHITIS. 

Give the synonyms. 

Bronchial catarrh, cold on the chest. 

Wtiat is acute catarrhal bronchitis ? 

It is an acute catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane 
lining the larger and middle-sized bronchial tubes. 

What is the pathology? 

The pathology does not differ very materially in any of the 
forms — that is, whether the larger or the smaller tubes are af- 
fected. As a rule, it does not originate in the tubes themselves, it 
probably being a continuation of an inflammation of some of the 
adjacent structures. 

The mucous membrane becomes reddened and swollen, either 
uniformly so or in patches, and dry; soon the tubes contain a clear, 
transparent mucus, which, after a time, becomes opaque, whitish, 
yellowish, or even greenish in color, changing according to the 
amount of pus-cells that are present. As a rule, the tubes on both 
sides seem to be equally affected. 

What are the causes? 

It may be the result of debility, constitutional diseases, sudden 
changes in the atmosphere, inhalations of impure air, irritating 
gases, etc., chillings of the skin, foreign bodies in the bronchial 
tubes, improper drenching. 

It may be associated or secondary to other diseases, as influ- 
enza, glanders, pneumonia, or it may be caused by micro-organisms. 

What are the symptoms? 

At the onset it may be marked by coryza, sore throat, and with 
shiverings; as the disease develops, the pulse becomes frequent, 
soft, and weak, but quick; there is a high fever, the temperature 
ranging generally between 105° and 106° F.; the respirations are 
quickened and more or less difiicult. 

There is more or less interference with the appetite, there is 
thirst, the visible mucous membranes are reddened, there is a les- 
sening of the secretions and excretions, the urine being high- 
colored and scanty. 

The cough which is present seems to be the essential feature 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, 137 

of the disease; at first it is dry, hard, and hacking in character; 
after a day or two the cough becomes looser and is accompanied 
by an expectoration, which consists of a frothy mucus, having a 
yellowish color, and sticky; this expectoration gradually becomes 
pus-like. After the expectoration is present the animal seems 
somewhat relieved. 

What are the physical signs? 

In the milder forms of acute bronchial catarrh, where the 
larger tubes are affected, there may be no special physical signs 
which can be appreciated. The more severe forms are attended 
by physical signs that can be readily recognized. 

In the majority of cases, on inspection and palpation, there is 
nothing to be appreciated. On percussion the sounds are normal 
in the majority of cases; on account of the thickness of the skin 
and the hair we are unable, in the horse, to appreciate any change. 
On auscultation we find the respiratory murmur feeble or somewhat 
harsh in character. In the dry stage sibilant and sonorous rales can 
be heard on both sides of the chest. In the second stage, or the 
stage of secretion, moist rales (large and small) may be heard on 
both sides of the chest; these moist rales come and go, on account 
of the mucus changing its position; and, after a violent fit of cough- 
ing, they may disappear temporarily. 

The auscultatory sounds may be absent at times, so that their 
absence does not signify that the disease is not present. 

How is the disease diagnosed ? 

Mostly by the physical signs applied to hoth sides of the cheM; 
on percussion, no appreciable change; on auscultation, sibilant 
and sonorous rales in the first stage, and mucous rales (large and 
small) in the second stage; also, the cough and fever aid us as 
well as the absence of signs of pneumonia or pleurisy. 

Give the prognosis. 

It is generally good if not complicated. 

What is the treatment ? 

General and local treatment is required. 

Avoid depleting measures, as a rule; stimulation is recom- 
mended; try to aid discharge from mucous membrane by inhala- 
tions. 



138 PKACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Early sedatives or opiates may be of benefit in some cases, while 
in others carbonate of ammonia (stimulating expectorant) or the 
muriate or chloride of ammonia. 

Camphor with ammonium carbonate is often good. Tartar 
emetic in dry stage is indicated, as it hastens secretion. Powdered 
digitalis with ammonium carbonate are beneficial where heart is 
irregular. 

If loss of appetite, try to stimulate it with nux vomica, gentian, 
etc., added to pills; or, better, doses of the tincture of nux vomica 
for its bitter effect. Alcohol or whiskey and quinine in some cases. 

Local Treatment. — Counter-irritation. Mustard recommended 
by some, but it seems to be going out of date — irritates too much. 
Oiled silk applied around the chest and retained there by means of 
a sixteen-foot flannel bandage is probably the best form of counter- 
irritation; the silk, being impervious to air, keeps up a constant 
sweating, which has a continuous and mild rubefacient effect. 

Soap liniment, with the addition of two ounces of tincture 
of opium, rubbed in well, is often beneficial. 

In some cases enemas of water are recommended. 

Put the animal in a box-stall having a temperature of about 
60° to 65° F. (No drafts, but pure air.) Blanket the animal, give 
the extremities a good hand-rubbing, and apply bandages. 

Potassium nitrate in drinking-water makes a cooling drink 
and relieves the fever. 

If the animal does not eat well or if the heart is weak, alcohol 
or whiskey may be substituted in the drinking-water. 

Food. — The animal should be fed on bran mashes, grass, car- 
rots, apples, or, in some cases, steamed oats. 



CHRONIC BRONCHITIS. 

Give the definition. 

It is a chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane lining 
the larger and middle-sized bronchial tubes, characterized hy a 
cough. 

What is the morbid anatomy? 

The mucous membrane shows a variety of changes, depending 
on the disease with which it is associated; sometimes it is thin, 



I 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATOKY SYSTEM. 139 

the elastic tissue being prominent, the tubes dilated, the glands 
atrophied, and a wasting of the muscular tissue. 

In other cases the mucous membrane is thick, granular, and 
infiltrated, and may show erosions. The mucous membrane is 
generally of a dull red color, with the veins dilated and varicosed. 

Give the causation. 

It is seen more frequently in old animals, and due to repeated 
attacks of the acute form; it may be secondary to chronic lung dis- 
eases, as emphysema, or in chronic heart troubles, where the blood 
is backed up in the lungs, causing an irritation to the bronchial 
mucous membrane. It is also seen in renal diseases. It may be 
of specific origin. 

What are the symptoms? 

There is a distressing cough, with a thick or thin whitish 
or yellowish-white expectoration, aggravated during changeable 
weather. 

In old animals, suffering from heart disease or pulmonary 
emphysema, there is an alteration of the respiration; the animal 
puffs, especially on exertion, as the pulling of heavy loads or in 
going up hill. As a rule, there is no rise of temperature, except, 
possibly, a degree or two at the beginning or increase of the attack. 

Give the physical signs. 

The chest may be somewhat distended and the movements 
limited. 

Percussion shows a clear or increased resonance. 

Auscultation shows the expiration somewhat prolonged and 
wheezing; rales may be heard, varying in character, some being 
high-pitched, others low, and some mucous rales. 

What is the prognosis ? 

It is hard to cure, as a rule, and can only be relieved. It is 
apt to become exaggerated during changeable weather. 

Outline the treatment. 

This depends largely on the complications present; a change 
of air is often beneficial where the attack is prolonged; in the city 
send horses to the country. 

If there is excessive secretion, muriate of ammonia and senega, 
or the iodide of potassium with nitric acid, is often good. 



140 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Turpentine, given in small doses, say fifteen to thirty minims' 
in alcohol. The tincture ferri muriatis checks the secretion and 
tones up the heart and muscles of bronchial tubes. 

Zinc is indicated to stop excessive secretion from the bronchial 
mucous membrane; it seems to enter into chemical combination 
with pus. It diminishes the cough. 

Stimulating expectorants are generally contra-indicated. 

If the heart is feeble, digitalis and strychnine, balsam of Peru, 
or tolu. Inhalations of eucalyptus, tar, sulphur, juniper berry, etc. 

Carbolic-acid gargles are often good, especially if there is any 
odor to the discharge. 

Counter irritation, as blister to the chest, may be useful in 
some cases. 

BRONCHIECTASIS. 

Give the definition. 

This is a cylindrical or saccular dilatation of the bronchial 
tubes. 

Name the causes. 

This may be the result of chronic bronchitis or from inflam- 
mations of various sorts; aneurisms, pressure, pleuritic adhesions 
are among the causes. 

What are the most important symptoms ? 

There is a paroxysmal cough, especially on a change of posi- 
tion, as the animal standing up after being in a recumbent position 
for a time. 

There are no characteristic symptoms, and the condition is 
hard to diagnose. 

It is seen more in the bovine species, and is often mistaken 
for tuberculosis, as earthy deposits may take place in the bronchial 
tubes, which show dulness on percussion, and thus the liability to 
the mistake. 

Is there any treatment ? 

This is probably only interesting to us on post mortem, as not 
very much can be done for these cases. 

Treat symptomatically as the case requires. 



DISEASES OF THE RE8PIKAT0RY SYSTEM. 141 

5. DISEASES OF THE LUNGS. 

PULMONARY CONGESTION. 

Give the synonyms. 

Hyperaemia of the lungs, congestion of the lungs. 

Define the same. 

It is an increase in, or an abnormal fulness of, the capillaries 
of the air-cells. 

Name the forms. 

There are two forms — the active and the passive. 

ACTIVE CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS. 

Active fluxion of the lungs occurs where the heart's action is 
increased; over-exertion, or the breathing of hot or cold air or irri- 
tating gases. 

Usually seen late in the fall, where the horse has been standing 
in the stable for some time, fed well, and taken out for a spin up 
the road and driven at a lively gait; the first snow-storm, when 
the animal is taken out and made to go fast. 

Active congestion is also seen in draft horses, especially green 
horses, in the summer-time, during hot weather, where the animals 
are forced and overworked. 

A horse taken on trial, where they want to test him, and thus 
overload and over-drive the animal. 

What are the symptoms? 

Of the active form, there are no positive symptoms. 

Congestion being the first stage of all respiratory inflamma- 
tions, it may be succeeded by pneumonia, bronchitis, pleurisy, etc. 

A chill may be present at the onset, followed by a rise of tem- 
perature, which varies from 103° to 105° F.; the respirations are 
rapid — inspiration and expiration become difficult, and a cough 
is often present; the pulse is weak and debilitated (an obstructive 
pulse). The ears and extremities are often cold to the feel. 

Give the physical signs. 

They are not positive; on percussion, resonance; on ausculta- 
tion, undetermined sounds — may get a feeble or harsh breathing. 



142 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

How is the condition diagnosed? 

By the suddenness of the attack, by the fever, the condition 
and age of the animal. 

PASSIVE CONGESTION" OF THE LUNGS. 

This is where there is some obstruction in the blood-vessels 
to the outflow of blood, with the result of a damming back of blood 
into the vessels of the lungs. 

Name the forms. 

Two forms are recognized — mechanical and hypostatic. 

Give the aetiology. 

The mechanical form is caused by some obstruction to the 
return flow of blood to the heart, and is seen in disease of the left 
side of the heart; old horses; then, again, pressure of tumors. 

Hypostatic congestion is due to both a weakened heart and to 
the lying in one position for some time. 

What is seen on post mortem ? 

The lungs are large, russet-brown color, rather tough to cut 
or tear. 

On section, there is a brown-red color, which brightens on 
exposure to the air from the oxidation of increased amount of 
haemoglobin. 

If a post mortem is desired, turn the animal on its back im- 
mediately after death, and thus cause the blood to gravitate to the 
upper part of the lungs, so as not to interfere with the examination 
of the lower parts, which are more usually affected. 

What are the symptoms ? 

Are often vague; there is difficult breathing, a cough, the 
animal refuses to eat, the temperature varies from 101° to 102° F., 
the pulse is irregular, and the animal is usually old and run down. 

Give the prognosis. 

Most cases get well. Those associated with chronic heart dis- 
ease become relieved temporarily. 

Be guarded with the prognosis, as the symptoms may hang on 
three or four days and the animal die from oedema of the lungs. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 143 

Give the treatment. 

Look to the condition with which the congestion is associated, 
if any be present. 

In the active form, sedatives, in some few cases, may be given. 
In city practice, most cases require stimulants, as alcohol, car- 
bonate of ammonia; quinine, belladonna, and nux vomica are in- 
dicated. 

Counter-irritation, as mustard, especially where the extremi- 
ties are cold and the pulse is weak. It relieves congestion, stimu- 
lates the heart, and warms the extremities. 

PULMONAEY (EDEMA. 

What is the synonym ? 

(Edema of the lungs. 

Give the definition. 

It is an accumulation of serosity in the air-cells and bron- 
chioles, characterized principally by dyspnoea. 

It may be a termination of congestion, or in death from anae- 
mia, purpura haemorrhagica, diseases of the heart, or brain, or 
lungs; the death rattles can be heard. 

What is the pathology ? 

The lung is heavy, pits on pressure, looks watery, and a clear 
serum flows from the cut surface, sometimes admixed with blood. 

A gelatinous, infiltrated appearance is present, and there is an 
increased tension in the pulmonary system and the presence of 
watery plasma. 

The blood backs up in the lung capillaries till transudation 
takes place. 

Give the symptoms. 

There is an increase in the symptoms of the disease present, 
whether of the kidneys, lungs, heart, or a general disease. Dyspnoea 
increases, a painful cough is present, there may be a discharge from 
the nose of a frothy, serous nature. There is an altered resonance, 
liquid rales are heard on inspiration and expiration. In inflamma- 
tory cfidema fever is present, and some of the signs of pneumonia. 

This condition is seen, in man, with Bright's disease; the 
ankles swell, it travels up the legs to the belly, and the patient gets 
water-logged and dies from oedema of the lungs. 



144 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What is the prognosis ? 

The prognosis is grave, these cases usually terminating in 
death. 

Give the indications for treatment. 

Look after the primary disease. Stimulants are indicated, as 
are diuretics. Act on the bowels in some cases. Counter-irritation 
may be of service. Iodide of potassium or the carbonate of potas- 
sium can be used in most cases. 



BRONCHO-PULMONAEY HEMORRHAGE. 

Give the synonyms. 

Pulmonary apoplexy, pulmonary hemorrhage, pneumorrhagia, 
haemoptysis, bronchorrhagia. 

Define these various terms. 

The blood may come either from the bronchial mucous mem- 
brane or from the air-cells and lung tissue, or both, and hence the 
terms. 

Pulmonary apoplexy, or pneumorrhagia, is an effusion of blood 
into the air-cells and interstitial tissue. 

Hcemoptysis is really a spitting of blood which comes from 
the bronchial mucous membrane {bronchorrhagia). 

Give the causation. 

Pulmonary hemorrhage may occur without any obvious cause; 
it may occur in heart diseases, where the valves are affected ; it may 
be associated with infectious diseases, ulceration of the larynx, 
trachea, with glanders, purpura hsemorrhagica, gangrene, or me- 
chanical injuries. It may be due to aneurism, thrombus, embolus. 

The infarctions in the lungs are wedge-shape, with the base 
situated at the surface of the lung and the apex toward the centre. 

Give the symptoms. 

Of pulmonary hemorrhage, the symptovis are often uncertain. 

If the part involved is large, there may be signs of consolida- 
tion associated with blowing respiration. Auscultation may show 
large bubbling rales. 

The animal may become nervous, restless, cough, sweat freely, 
and show varying symptoms of hemorrhage; if it becomes pro- 



DISEASES OF THE KESPIRATOKY SYSTEM. 145 

fuse, the pulse becomes thready, the mucous membrane pale, the 
extremities cold. 

Hcemoptysk comes on suddenly, possibly after a hard drive; 
the animal coughs, blood comes from the nose and mouth, which 
may be only an oozing or a sufficient quantity to produce death by 
suffocation. It is a frothy, bloody discharge. 

Blood coming from the lungs is generally alkaline in reaction, 
frothy, mixed with mucus. 

Blood-clots may be seen, the shape of the smaller bronchial 
tubes; bubbles are frequently present in the blood-clots. 

The owner becomes alarmed, but there is no immediate dan- 
ger, except, possibly, where there is an aortic aneurism. 

Outline the treatment of broncho-pulmonary hemorrhage. 

Before treating, we should look to our physiology; it tells 
us that the pressure within the pulmonary artery is less than that 
of the aortic system. 

Experimentally, with drugs, we find that an influence may 
be made on the Hood- pressure of the system, without affecting the 
pulmonary circulation. 

Ergot causes a rise of blood-pressure in the pulmonary artery, 
while aconite produces a fall of blood-pressure. 

Iron preparations are good. 

The indications are to reduce the frequency of the heart-beat 
and to lower blood-pressure. 

Perfect rest and light feeding are important. 

Alcohol is contra-indicated, as a rule, as is digitalis and ergot. 

Sulphuric acid in small doses — one-half ounce — may be bene- 
ficial. 

Opium relieves the cough and gives beneficial results in these 
cases, as it slows the heart's action. 

Aconite is good where there is much vascular excitement, as it 
lowers blood-pressure. 

Purgation is beneficial for the same reason. 

The danger is the filling up of the bronchial system with blood, 
so that in these cases cough should be encouraged and not stopped. 

Locally, cold applications to chest. 

Inhalations of vapor of vinegar. 



146 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 



PNEUMONIA. 

What is the synonym ? 

Lung fever. 

Give the forms. 

(1) Lobar, where the lobes of the lungs are affected; (2) lob- 
ular, where the lobules of the lungs are the seat; (3) intersti- 
tial, where the connective tissue is involved. 

ACUTE LOBAR PNEUMONIA. 

Give the synonyms. 

Croupous pneumonia; fibrinous pneumonia; pulmonitis; pneu- 
monitis; commonly called lung fever. 

The term " pneumonia " alone is usually used to indicate this 
form. 

Define acute lobar pneumonia. 

It is an acute, general, infectious disease, characterized by a 
local inflammation of the vesicular structures of the lungs, with 
an exudation into their alveoli which renders them impermeable 
to air, together with a general systemic disturbance of varying in- 
tensity produced by toxines. 

What is the aetiology ? 

It is said to be caused by germs — by the micrococcv.^ lanceola- 
tus, diplococcius pneumonia;, pneuviococcus. 

This form of pneumonia is seen among young and vigorous 
animals — those that are well nourished, apparently in good health 
and in active use. 

Changes in the temperature, irritating gases, when breathed; 
also, mechanical bodies in the bronchial tubes or medicines poured 
into the trachea favor its development; also external burns over 
a large space; traumatisms (horses run into with a pole or shaft, 
which strikes between the ribs); in other cases no cause can be 
attributed. In man, one attack predisposes another, but it does 
not seem to be the rule in our animals. 

What is the morbid anatomy ? 

For study, pneumonia has been divided into three stages: 
(1) The stage of congeMion, (2) the stage of red hepatization, 
(3) the stage of gray hepatization. 



DISEASES OF THE EESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 147 

First Stage. — Congestion, engorgement, or hypercemia. 

Usually the antero-inferior part of the limg is involved, the 
disease extending upward and backward. 

The lung is of a deep-red color, somewhat firm to the feel, 
and more solid; it crepitates somewhat, floats in water, but not as 
well as normally. 

On section, the surface exudes a thin, albuminous, and bloody 
fluid. 

Second Stage. — Exudation or red hepatization. 

The lungs look somewhat like liver tissue. 

If you open the thorax, the lungs look swollen; they do not 
collapse, and often the markings of the ribs can be seen. 

The lung is solid, does not contain air, and sinks immediately 
if thrown in water. 

The air-cells are filled up by the exudation, which consists 
of a viscid, fibrinous fluid, mixed with red and white cells, which 
rapidly coagulates, enclosing the corpuscles and completely filling 
the alveoli. 

On section, the surface is dry, of a reddish-brown color, and 
granular. 

The exudate becomes prominent, sticks out, and gives this 
granular appearance. 

The lung tissue is very easily torn; the finger can be thrust 
into it, and it tears readily. 

Hepatization is not general over the lung; it usually consti- 
tutes one-third or one-half of one lung. 

Some few cases may involve both lungs, when it is called 
double or hilateral pneumonia. 

Most cases are unilateral — that is, a part of one lung being 
involved. 

Third Stage. — Gray hepatization, resolution. 

There is no line of demarcation between the second and third 
stages; the change is more or less gradual from a red-brown color 
to a grayish white. 

The surface is more moist, the lung is more friable, the plugs 
of exudation are less distinct, the lungs present a marbled appear- 
ance, there being less red blood-cells and fibrine, and more leuco- 
cytes. The lung does not crepitate, sinking immediately in water. 

If resolution is retarded, part of the exudation undergoes pu- 
rulent transformation, the color changes to a greenish yellow, pus- 



148 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

cells are formed, and the part becomes a soft granular or fatty 
mass. 

What are the terminations of pneumonia ? 

Pneumonia may end either in resolution, production, or de- 
struction. 

Resolution is where the exudation undergoes liquefaction and 
becomes absorbed; the cellular elements become fatty and the 
greater part absorbed, very little being expectorated. 

By resolution the lungs return to their normal condition, this 
being the most frequent termination and the one desired. 

In man, the death-rate is very high — probably one recovery out 
of three or four cases. Between the ages of fifteen and thirty years 
the prognosis is good in man. 

In the horse, on the other hand, eight out of ten recover. 

By production we mean an increase of tissue, as chronic or inter- 
stitial pneumonia, where there is an increase of interstitial tissue. 

This is a rare termination in the horse. 

By destruction, either suppuration or gangrene takes place. 

Where suppuration takes place or an abscess forms in these 
cases, the symptoms do not subside, the fever remains high or in- 
creases, there is a loss of appetite, sour breath, and death from ex- 
haustion. 

In gangrene of the lungs the circulation stops and putrefactive 
germs gain access to the part, and the part dies. 

There is a fetid odor to the breath, gangrenous, the respira- 
tions are rapid, and moist rales are heard on auscultation, the ani- 
mal dying; heart-failure may cause death. 

What is the duration of the stages ? 

The stage of congestion, one to three days; the stage of red 
hepatization, from three to seven or eight days; the stage of resolu- 
tion, from seven or eight days to three weeks. 

What are the symptoms of pneumonia ? 

It is generally ushered in with a chill, with muscular trembling, 
coldness of the extremities, etc. May be slight or severe chill. 

The chill is followed by febrile symptoms, skin hot, with a 
marked rise of temperature in the early stages, it being 105° or 
106° P. It may drop somewhat when the exudation is poured out. 

There is an increased frequency of the pulse, which may be 



DISEASES OF THE KESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 149 

50 or 60, and is usually full and bounding at first. The ratio be- 
tween the pulse and respiration is lost. 

Respirations are accelerated at first; the nostrils dilate with 
each inspiration. 

The mucous membranes are congested, sometimes cyanotic. 
The conjunctivse should be examined in suspected cases, as it may 
assume a yellowish color (Jaundiced). 

There is a tendency to remain standing; the horse does not, 
as a rule, lie down until the crisis. When they lie down, they do 
so from weakness or toward the end, and on the diseased side. 
When they lie down late, it is a more favorable symptom. 

There is a loss of appetite, more or less, thirst is increased, 
and the secretions diminished. The urine is high-colored and 
scanty; constipation is usually present. 

Cough frequent, short, shallow, and restrained. Dry at first; 
later, moist. 

If laryngitis, bronchitis, or pleurisy be present, they may cough. 

In the human subject the prune-juice expectoration is seen 
in some cases; this discharge is often present in the horse, and al- 
though it is not necessarily fatal, it usually shows a severe form 
of the disease. 

In the severe cases the conjunctiva assumes a peculiar color — 
a mahogany color in spots, and between these spots a yellowish 
discoloration; this condition may be seen in colic and the like. 

Certain nervous signs may be present; the horse becomes dull, 
with an apparent headache; or in other cases, slight delirium may 
be shown. 

The crisis is usually the eighth day. It varies from seven to 
ten days. The temperature falls rapidly in these cases. 

In other cases there may be gradual reduction of fever — a de- 
gree or so at a time. An elevation of temperature at this time 
usually denotes death or an increase of the disease {a relapse, as 
we call it). 

Give the physical diagnosis. 

In many cases we do not see pneumonia in the congestive 
stage, as when we are called the stage of hepatization is generally 
reached. 

In the first stage, or the stage of congestion, we find, ox in- 
spection, the movement less on the affected side; on pekcitssion, 
no appreciable change is shown. On auscultation, crepitant rales 



150 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

are heard only on inspiration; best heard at the end of inspiration; 
these are fine, crackling sounds, like salt thrown on a fire, or like 
the sound caused by rolling hair between one's fingers. 

They are dry rales, and said to be pathognomonic of pneumonia. 
They are usually present from twenty-four to forty-eight hours, 
and then pass away. 

In the second stage, or stage of red hepatization, on inspection, 
there is a loss of the expansive powers of the chest on affected side; 
the respirations are panting in character; on pekcussion, there is 
dulness on an uneven line over the affected portion; on ausculta- 
tion, in the majority of cases, there is an absence of all respiratory 
sounds (absence of the vesicular murmur) over the affected part, 
while bronchial breathing may be heard above. 

In the third stage, as resolution commences, on auscultation, 
there may be the returning rale, or rale redux crepitus; these moist 
rales of all sizes are heard on inspiration and expiration. On peh- 
cussiON, the dulness will be found to be getting less marked. 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

By the elevation of the temperature, 104° to 106° F.; by the 
expectoration, which is often brownish in color {prune-juice ex- 
pectoration); by the crepitant rales heard in the first stage; by the 
dulness on percussion over the affected part (generally unilateral), 
and the loss of all respiratory sounds over the affected part in the 
second stage. 

What other diseases may be mistaken for acute lobar 
pneumonia ? 

Acute bronchitis and pleurisy, principally. 

Give the differential diagnosis between acute bronchitis 
and acute lobar pneumonia. 

Bronchitis is a bilateral disease, whereas pneumonia is generally 
unilateral; in bronchitis the cough is accompanied with a whitish 
expectoration, while in pneumonia it is of a brownish color, as a rule. 

In the first stage, on auscultation, in bronchitis, sibilant and 
sonorous rales are heard on both sides of the chest, while in pneu- 
monia crepitant rales are heard on one side only in the majority 
of cases. 

In the second stage, percussion in bronchitis yields resonance 
(both sides); in pneumonia, dulness over the affected part (one side. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 151 

usually). Auscultation in bronchitis, large and small mucous 
rales coming and going; in pneumonia, lass of all sound over the 
affected part. 

In the third stage, on auscultation, vesicular bronchial breath- 
ing (respiratory murmur harsh); in pneumonia, returning rales 
(rale redux) — moist rales of various sorts. 

What complications may arise ? 

Most common are pleurisy, laminitis, pericarditis, and cedema 
of the lungs. 

Pleurisy is often a complication from the start, and receives 
the name of pleuro-pneumonia in these cases; where it is only sec- 
ondary and a slight pleurisy, it is termed pneumonia complicated 
with pleurisy. 

In other cases the horse becomes stiffened up (as we call it), 
the feet become hot, and there are signs of laminitis. 

Pericarditis is apt to set in about the time of crisis. 

The pulse becomes very rapid and feeble, and in some cases 
we are unable to count the beats. The heart-sounds become 
muffled, dyspnoea is great, and the physical signs are generally 
difficult to make out. 

Give the prognosis. 

This varies, eight or nine out of every ten recovering; the 
prognosis depends on the condition of the system generally; on the 
condition of the pulse (a strong pulse being favorable); also de- 
pends on the appetite (animals with a fairly good appetite gen- 
erally recover; whereas, the total refusal of food usually means 
death). 

The prognosis also depends on the heart-clot forming, and on 
a dilatation of the right side of the heart, or death may occur from 
gradual heart failure. 

The amount of lung tissue involved does not aid in the prog- 
nosis, except in cases of double pneumonia, where they are apt to 
die from direct interference with the respiration; three-fourths of 
one lung may be involved, and they recover. On the other hand, 
one-fourth may be involved, and they die. 

(Edema may cause death as well as other complications. 

Outline the treatment of acute lobar pneumonia. 

We should remember that this is a self-limited disease, which 
runs its course and is not materially affected by the use of drugs; 
we must try to assist nature in these cases. 



152 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Many cases get well without treatment, and probably other 
cases die from too much treatment. 

There is no specific treatment, so we should be careful not to 
use too much medicine; treat the symptoms as they arise, and 
watch the fever and the heart. 

In the early stages, if the animal be young and plethoric, use 
sedatives, as aconite, or veratrum, or tartar emetic; these drugs 
lessen the number of pulsations; diminish the arterial tension and 
vascular excitement, and reduce the fevers caused by inflammation. 

In city practice we use very little sedative treatment; there 
is no set rule to go by, except the individual case, the condition 
of the heart and the temperature being the best guides. Sedatives 
are only indicated in the first stages. 

Stimulants are usually given during the second stage, as am- 
monium carbonate and alcohol, etc. 

Care should be used about giving too much stimulation; stim- 
ulants do not give strength (in the way supposed by many), but 
they lessen vital force; they tide the patient over certain dangerous 
periods, and for this reason do good. 

If much debility is present, with a loss of appetite, nux vom- 
ica, belladonna, quinine, and pepsin are beneficial. 

For the temperature: If the temperature be 104° or 105° F., 
we should not be alarmed, as the nature of the disease requires 
a certain amount of fever; but if the temperature be 106° F. or 
over, we should try to reduce it a degree or two. 

An important part of the treatment is the ivatcMng of the heart. 

The danger is a dilatation of the right side of the heart, with 
the formation of heart-clots and death in this way. Prevent heart- 
clots by giving more power to that organ and putting the blood 
in such a condition as to lessen its coagulating power. 

Alcohol is probably the best stimulant we have, and is indi- 
cated where there is a small, weak, and feeble pulse. 

Give a good dose and repeat every three, four, or five hours 
(day and night), according to the indications. A convenient way 
to administer the alcohol is in the drinking-water; two ounces in 
a pail or part of a pail of water. When there is no attendant at night, 
place a full pail in the horse's manger, so that stimulation can be 
kept up. 

The increase of the fever and symptoms toward evening causes 
restlessness which is followed by exhaustion after midnight, and 
thus stimulation is important at this time to prevent cardiac failure. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 153 

The vitality is lowest between 2 and 6 a,m., and highest between 
■8 and 12 a.m. 

Diffusible stimulants assist in preventing heart-clots. 

Digitalis is good where the heart is irregular and weak, but 
has to be used with care and its action watched. 

Cimicifuga can be used in some cases in the place of digitalis. 

Strophanthus is also a drug indicated in some cases. 

Strychnine or nux vomica is also good as a heart tonic, and 
can be given with strophanthus. 

In cases of sudden heart failure, about the time of crisis, ether, 
hypodermically, or the use of ammonia — the aromatic spirits of 
ammonia or carbonate of ammonia. 

Nitroglycerine, given where carbonate of ammonia seems to 
fail; good neurotic, beginning small doses. 

Camphor is good in these cases; it adds rapidity and force to 
the heart's action. 

If the cough be distressing, opium may be given in an elec- 
tuary. 

Muriate of iron, where low temperature, weak heart ; add digi- 
talis. 

Drinh. — The animal should receive drinking-water four, five, 
or six times a day, receiving small quantities at a time. 

If the heart is weak and the animal is not feeding well, give 
whiskey or alcohol in the drinking water, or with a syringe, about 
every four hours. This is especially indicated from 11 p.m. to 
2 A.M., when the vital forces are lowest. 

Potassium nitrate may be added to the water, or, if indicated, 
five or ten grains of tartar emetic. 

The Diet. — This is very important, as by the way the animal 
eats we are enabled to give a fair prognosis. 

Examine the manger yourself; have it w^ashed out while you 
are there. 

Take a clean pail and let the man make a mash, adding a 
pinch of salt, and see how the animal eats. 

Give small quantities at a time, and feed four or five times a 
day. If it won't eat bran, add a few oats, making layers. 

Steamed oats may be given, if the animal won't eat anything 
else. 

Grass, carrots, apples, and the like. 

Coax the animal to eat, as upon its eating depends, to a great 
extent, the successful issue of the disease. 



154 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Local treatment. 

During the stage of congestion, especially in city practice 
where horses are overworked and their heart is weak, strong English 
mustard (mixed with water to make a paste) can be well rubbed 
in over the affected lung and then covered with a sheet of paper. 
Tie the animal up for about two hours, after which he should be 
placed in a box stall, blanketed and legs bandaged. Give good 
fresh air but do not allow drafts. 

If mustard is not used an oil-silk Jacket is beneficial in some 
eases; or where this is not available cotton batten covering the 
sides held in place with a wide bandage may prove useful. 

The animal should not receive forced exercise under two 
weeks as a rule, on account of weakening the heart. 

LOBULAR PNEUMONIA. 

Give the synonyms. 

Broncho-pneumonia; pneumonia lobularis; it is sometimes 
called catarrhal pneumonia. 

Define lobular pneumonia. 

It is essentially an inflammation of the terminal bronchi and 
the air-cells which make up a pulmonary lobule, and thus the name 
ironcJio-pneumoniu. 

What is the aetiology? 

It is secondary in the great majority of cases. It may be seen 
in cases of purpura haemorrhagica, glanders, pyaemia, and the like. 

It may arise from emboli in the capillaries of the pulmonary 
artery; these emboli are formed from thrombi which break up and 
get in the circulation of the capillaries of the pulmonary artery 
and block them up and stop the circulation. 

Give the morbid anatomy. 

The pathology is about the same as lobar pneumonia, except 
that the lobular structure is involved in this disease, whereas, in 
lobar pneumonia, the lobes are affected. 

It seems to be restricted to certain spots or patches of con- 
solidation. 

What are the symptoms? 

Most cases show symptoms of acute 'bronchitis, and, by exten- 
sion, involve the air-cells of the lobules; the temperature rises; the 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 156 

respirations become accelerated; a cough, which is short and pain- 
ful, is present; the disease is usually slow in its course, and may 
result in pulmonary emphysema or in death, either from oedema or 
an extension of the processes. 

How is the diagnosis made? 

There is, on percussion, dullness in patches over hoth lungs 
{bilateral disease). 

This condition is principally seen in the horse on post mortem. 

Give the indications for treatment. 

Tonics and stimulants are useful, not forgetting to watch the 
heart. Give alcohol, digitalis, chloride of ammonium, etc. 
Treat as the symptoms require. 

CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA. 

What are the synonyms? 

Cirrhosis of the lung ; chronic pneumonia. 

Give the definition. 

This is a chronic inflammation of the connective tissue of the 
lungs, characterized by an increase of this tissue, which compresses 
the tissue proper and interferes with its normal functions. 

What is the pathology? 

This is more frequently seen in cattle than in the equine race; 
when seen, it is usually unilateral, the affected side being somewhat 
sunken. 

If the chest cavity be opened, the heart will be found drawn 
toward the affected side; the lung not affected becomes emphy- 
sematous and enlarged. 

Give the aetiology. 

It may follow acute pneumonia, or pleurisy with effusion, 
which causes compression of the lung. 

It may follow chronic bronchitis, with dilatation or emphysema. 

What are the symptoms? 

These vary according to the complication. 
After the symptoms of pneumonia, etc., have subsided, dul- 
ness on percussion remains ; there is a loss of the respiratory mur- 



156 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

raur, or, if bronchial dilatation is present, there is cavernous or 
amphoric respiration. 

The affected side is sunken, and not so movable. 

Cough is present, and there is some interference with the 
breathing on exertion. 

Indicate the treatment. 

Look after the general health of the animal; give tonics and 
absorbents, the iodide of potassium being the best. 

Good food, moderate exercise or work, and fresh air. 

PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA. 

Name the synonyms. 

Emphysema, heaves, broken wind, chronic dyspnoea. 

Define pulmonary emphysema. 

This is a chronic, non-fehrile, pulmonary disease, with either 
a dilatation or rupture of the vesicular structure of the lungs, and 
characterized by a dry abortive cough and a double expiratory act. 

Give the forms. 

There are two principal forms — the vesicular and the interlob- 
ular. 

What is the difference ? 

The vesicular form is a simple dilatation of the alveoli and 
lobules, with atrophy of the interalveolar w.alls, while the intervesic- 
ular or interstitial form is a rupture of the walls of the air-cells, 
and the air escapes into the connective tissue which binds the air- 
cells together. There is an increased intralobular pressure, causing 
air to gain entrance into the interlobular connective tissue and into 
the lymphatic spaces. 

What is the aetiology ? 

In the human subject, violent efforts at coughing, where the 
bronchial tubes are filled with mucus. 

Men who play wind instruments or do heavy lifting suffer 
with emphysema. 

In the horse, rapid work, heavy draft work, may be a cause. 

There is also a hereditary predisposition, there being a weak- 
ness in the walls of the air-cells. 



DISEASES OF THE KESPIEATOEY SYSTEM. 157 

An animal driven for some distance at the top of his speed 
(he being a willing horse) will overdo himself, and the residual 
air has a tendency to dilate the air-cells. 

If drawing a heavy load, more muscular work must be per- 
formed; this causes a deep inspiration and a closure of the glottis, 
and the air becomes heated and dilates and stretches the walls of 
the air-cells. 

Coughing may cause it also, but it takes some time to produce 
it in this way. 

The feeding of dusty or dirty hay or bulky food is also said 
to produce it; in the country they often feed dry hay, straw, corn- 
stalks during the winter, and in the spring the horse may be heavy. 

It may follow pneumonia, pleurisy, etc. 

What are the post-mortem appearances? 

On opening the thorax, a striking difference in the appearance 
of the lungs is seen ; instead of collapsing, as they do normally, the 
lungs remain full, and even, in severe cases, may bulge up, as if they 
were being inflated; they are soft and downy to the feel, of a rosy 
tint, but lighter than normal ; they do not contain so much blood. 

On palpation they have a good deal of resistance, and pit some- 
what on pressure; they are very light, and if a piece be cut off it 
will float on water ; it crepitates when cut. In the anterior, middle, 
and posterior borders, the air-cells are enlarged. 

If it is the interlobular variety of emphysema, elevations which 
contain air can be seen over the surface of the lungs; these eleva- 
tions are often white, and old practitioners thought they were 
tubercles; if cut, they contain air, press on them, and the air will 
run under the pleura. 

What are the symptoms? 

These are very interesting for us, especially in cases of exam- 
ination for soundness, as such horses are to he considered unsound. 

The disease comes on slowly or suddenly. The derangement 
occurs in the mechanism of the respiratory movements which can 
often be detected by simple inspection of the abdominal walls in the 
region of the flank. The alteration is principally in the expiratory 
movements. Normally, there is an inspiration, an expiration, and 
then a pause; in this disease, during the expiration (falling in of 
the hypochondriac region, hollowing of the upper part of the 
flank), there is a short pause and a secondary expiratory move- 



158 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

ment. There is a well-marked line or groove produced by the 
muscles along the abdomen. 

The double, or the two movements in the expiratory act, is not 
pathognomonic of heaves, as it may be seen in cases of pleurisy as 
well as in a rupture of the diaphragm and hernia of the intestines 
preceding death. 

Inspiration is different; the ribs are elevated more; they seem 
to turn on their axis ; the posterior border of the ribs turns upward 
and outward; at the end of expiration there is a jump of the 
abdominal cavity in some cases; it is a peculiar jerky movement, 
a falling back of the intestines; this movement may be so severe 
as to cause a movement of the animal ; if the animal be hitched to 
a cart, the cart moves. 

In severe cases there is a dilatation of the nostrils, which keep 
open and do not recede; on a frosty day the column of air is di- 
vided, or in the summer-time by placing the hand to the nostril 
you can feel the interrupted volume. 

In other cases there is a well-marked play of the anus; the 
anus goes back and forward; this is not pathognomonic, as it is 
also seen in pleurisy. 

There is also the symptom of breaking wind, a discharge of 
flatus from the intestines; in some cases, when the animal coughs, 
it is a dry and abortive cough; as a rule, it is single, dry, smoth- 
ered, and abortive. 

When eating dusty food, as hay and the like, they often have 
a fit of coughing. If associated with chronic bronchitis, a dis- 
charge is often present, which is whitish in color. 

On, percussion, we have extra resonance or hyper-resonance; 
in some cases we cannot percuss to any advantage in this disease, 
as the edges of the lungs are affected. 

On auscultation, we find the inspiration very short ; the expira- 
tion is of longer duration and interrupted, and, on listening, we 
hear undetermined sounds; as a rule, we hear dry or moist rales, 
and varying according to whether bronchitis is present or not. 

How is the disease diagnosed? 

It ought to be easily made out, as the disease is non-febrile; 
the cough, which is single, dry, and abortive; the to-and-fro move- 
ment of the anus, and the breaking of wind. 

On inspiration, we find the chest somewhat enlarged, while 
the expiratory act is double. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 159 

Absence of signs of pneumonia, pleurisy and bronchitis, which 
are febrile affections. 

What is the treatment? 

It is incurable in the majority of cases, but many animals are 
benefited very much by special feeding, and by medicinal agents. 

First we usually give a dose of physic — a purging-ball of aloes ; 
these animals suffer with indigestion, flatulence, catarrh of the in- 
testines, and the like, and a purge gets rid of this indigestible food. 

By careful attention to the diet we may lessen the symptoms. 

When it is due to dry, dusty hay, limit the quantity of hay and 
dampen it with water, or with salt-water. 

In some cases wet the oats. 

The medicinal remedy is arsenic. In Europe the people eat 
arsenic in order to enable them to climb the mountains better. 

Arsenic prevents destruction and elimination of the oxygen 
carriers. 

We use arsenic best in the shape of Fowler's Solution (liquor 
potassae arsenitis), also called liquor potassii Fowleri; this consists 
of eighty grains of arsenic, eighty grains of potassium carbonate, 
and water to make a pint ; one fluid ounce can be given as a dose, 
and this contains four (4) grains of arsenic. The dose of arsenious 
acid varies from two to seven grains. 

Fowler's solution is colored with lavender to keep people from 
drinking it by mistake ; give one ounce three times a day ; this will 
often relieve some of the most urgent symptoms. 

Nux vomica, iron, potassium iodide, are often beneficial, as 
are internal antiseptics and stomachics. 



6. DISEASES OF THE PLEURA. 

PLEURISY. 

Give the synonyms. 

Pleuritis; inflammation of the pleura. 

Name the forms. 

Acute, subacute, suppurative, interstitial. 

Define the various forms. 

Acute or plastic pleurisy is a fibrinous inflammation of the 
pleura, and is the form mostly seen in the dog. 



160 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Subacute, or pleurisy with effusion, also called sero-fibrinous, 
in an inflammatory process with a large amount of serum. This 
is the form most frequently seen in the horse. 

Suppurative pleurisy, or enipywrtia, is where pus-cells are 
formed. 

Interstitial, or adhesive pleurisy, or chronic pleurisy, is where 
new connective-tissue formations take place. 

What is the aetiology? 

Pleurisy is not infrequently met with in the young green 
horses, in the dealers' stables. The dealers probably lose more 
from pleurisy than any other disease — that is, as complications 
from other diseases. 

Pleurisy is one of the most fatal diseases affecting the equine 
race. 

It arises from traumatic injuries, a wound penetrating the 
muscles in the intercostal spaces, or it may be secondary to other 
diseases, as pneumonia, when it is called pleuro-pneumonia, or 
pneumonia complicated with pleurisy. 

It may accompany blood diseases, as glanders, or it is often 
epizootic where influenza is prevailing in some of its forms. 

It may also be caused by foreign bodies in the pleural sac, 
blood, pus, or air in the sac, or, again, necrosis of the ribs or ver- 
tebrae. 

Inflammation of these structures, with a secondary pleurisy 
in some cases. 

Changes in the atmosphere often aid to cause pleurisy. It is 
more generally a secondary disease; the animal may be suffering 
with a laryngitis, and you think he will get well; but the fever 
keeps high, and after a time subacute pleurisy is developed. 

Nowadays it is said to be caused by micro-organisms. 

What is the pathological anatomy of pleurisy ? 

The course of an inflammation of a serous membrane is — 
hyperaemia, followed by exudation of lymph, the effusion of fluid, 
its absorption, and the adhesion of the membrane. For study, 
pleurisy may be divided into three stages. 

The -first stage, or dry stage, or stage of engorgement or con- 
gestion. There is an irregular redness of the membrane, with little 
specks of exudation, called coagulable lymph ; this can be produced 
by an injection of oxalic acid. At first the membrane is dry, red- 



DISEASES OF THE KESPIRATOKY SYSTEM. 161 

dened, with an increased network of engorged vessel; it loses its 
shining appearance and becomes opaque, from the shedding of the 
epithelium and the commencing exudation. 

The second stage is characterized by the copious exudation of 
lymph (more or less covering the membrane, giving it a dull, 
cloudy, or shaggy appearance) from the clumps of fibrine; if the 
inflammation ceases at this point, it is called dry pleurisy. The 
amount of exudation depends on the amount of inflammation. 
When the inflammatory process is acute, the exudation consists 
most entirely of fibrine factors, which coagulate; often these layers 
of fibrine can be seen covering the sides of the pleural cavity, 
both on the visceral and the parietal layers. 

The fibrine is a thick, yellowish material, deposited in layers, 
patches, or shreds, according to the amount, causing the membrane 
to become very much thickened; it is infiltrated with serum and 
some leucocytes, it rarely being puriform. In the milder forms of 
inflammation of the pleura, serum is poured out. The albuminous 
part of the blood and serum is transuded and has a tendency to 
gravitate to the bottom, and often fills up the sac. 

The stage of effusion is characterized by the pouring out of 
a semi-fibrinous liquid; more or less filling the cavity and floating 
in this fluid are flocculi of fibrine, blood, and epithelial cells. 

The exudation is called serous, fibrinous, or fibrino-serous. 

In the third stage this material may undergo fatty degenera- 
tion and become absorbed, in which case resolution takes place; or, 
on the other hand, it may become organized and form false mem- 
branes. In the human subject we often find the lungs attached 
to the walls of the thoracic cavity, in which case it becomes neces- 
sary to cut these adhesions to remove the lungs; this is rarely 
found in the equine, but is quite common in the dog. 

The serous part of the exudation may become absorbed by 
the blood-vessels and the lymphatics; the character of the inflam- 
mation we generally see in the horse is the subacute form, which 
contains more serum than fibrine, and therefore so dangerous on 
account of drowning out the lungs, as we say, and the animal dies 
from exhaustion. 

Is this a unilateral or a bilateral disease? 

This is somewhat of a disputed point. 
On post-mortem examination we find the fiuid in both cavities. 
This is claimed to be a peculiarity — that is, there is a connection 



162 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

between the two pleural cavities — a perforation of the mediastinal 
pleura. 

Some say that this perforation is made after death. 

There are, no doubt, openings between the two pleural cavities, 
and thus it is termed a bilateral disease, although, primarily, one 
pleura only may be affected. As the effusion is thrown out it ac- 
cumulates in both cavities, and thus the bilateral physical signs. 



What are the symptoms ? 

At times the symptoms are vague, and, while treating lar}Ti- 
gitis and the like, this disease may be developing and we may over- 
look it. It very often is associated with or follows pneumonia. 

In other cases the symptoms are striking; it commences with 
a chill, the animal becoming dull, the hair roughened, muscular 
tremblings, coldness of the extremities and skin, followed by febrile 
symptoms; the hair falls down, the body becomes warm, and the 
mucous membrane injected. 

The pulse in pleurisy is small, quick, and hard — a so-called 
wiry pulse, which is characteristic of inflammations of serous mem- 
brane; later it becomes softer and weaker. 

The temperature, in the early stages, may rise to 104°, 105° 
or 106° F., but after the effusion has taken place the temperature 
falls and is often very low; one day it may be 101° F., the next day 
102° F., and then fall, varying one or two degrees, from about 
103°, 103°, 101° F. 

The respirations become quickened and catching at first, and 
are abdominal. 

After the exudation takes place the expiratory act becomes 
double. 

There is the so-called pleuritic grunt, which is evinced on 
moving the animal or turning him short. 

The animal moves as though he were of one piece, as motion 
produces lancinating pain, shown by this grunt. 

After the exudation is thrown out, there is a peculiar sound 
heard at the nostrils, which is called the metallic tinlcUng sound. 

A cough may be present, which is short, dry, tearing, and sup- 
pressed ; one of the most annoying symptoms is the loss of appetite. 

As the effusion accumulates the respirations become more diffi- 
cult, the double expiratory act more marked, the pulse becomes 
rapid and weak, and the animal dies from exhaustion. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 163 

Give the physical signs. 

Inspection. — First Stage. — There are catching respirations, 
which are abdominal, with the body bent to one side. 

Second Stage. — Double expiratory act, while in third stage 
the walls of the flank heave. 

Percussion. — First Stage. — At first there is not much 
change, there usually being resonance. 

Second Stage. — When the exudation and effusion take place 
there is an alteration; not dulness, as in pneumonia, but flatness, 
on account of it being a liquid; the line of flatness is uniform, it 
being on a straight line (horizontal), as liquids seek a level; above 
this line there is resonance and below it flatness. 

Third Stage. — As the fluid is becoming absorbed the -flatness 
decreases. 

Auscultation. — First Stage. — There is a roughness of the 
pleura, and the rubbing of the roughened surfaces together pro- 
duces a dry friction sound, which resembles the rubbing of twO' 
pieces of parchment together. 

It is called the pleuritic friction sound, and is heard on in- 
spiration and expiration. 

Second Stage. — There is an absence of all respiratory sound 
at the affected part. Bronchial breathing above the line of the 
trouble. The mucous clicJc, or the metallic tinkling sound, can be 
heard above the line of fluid or at the nostrils. It sounds like a pin 
dropping in a metallic vessel, or a drop of water going through the 
mouth of an open bottle. It was formerly supposed to be pathogno- 
monic of pleurisy, but it may be heard in laryngitis. 

Third Stage. — The pleuric friction sound returning (a rub- 
bing and sticking sound), and the metallic tinkling sound getting 
less and less as the fluid becomes absorbed. 



How is pleurisy diagnosed? 

The pulse assumes a wiry character; the respirations are ab- 
dominal, with a double expiratory act ; the temperature at first 104" 
to 106° F., then oscillating between 103° and 101° F. 

Flatness on percussion in the second stage; on auscultation 
during the first stage, the pleuritic friction sound heard on inspira- 
tion and expiration, while, during the second stage, there is an 



164 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

absence of all respiratory sound below and bronchial breathing 
above. 

During the third stage the returning of the pleuritic friction 
sound. 

What diseases may be mistaken for pleurisy ? 

Pneumonia and bronchitis, principally. 

What is the differential diagnosis between pleurisy and 
pneumonia ? 

Pleurisy is a bilateral disease, while pneumonia, in ninety-nine 
cases out of one hundred, is unilateral. 

Pleurisy, temperature is high at the beginning, but later 103° 
to 101° F,, while in pneumonia the temperature is high all through 
—104° to 106° F. 

In the first stage of pleurisy, on auscultation, the pleuritic 
friction sound is heard, while in pneumonia the crepitant rale. 

In the second stage of pleurisy there is flatness on percussion 
over the fluid, limited above by a horizontal line on both sides of 
the chest, whereas, in pneumonia, dulness over the affected part, 
limited by an uneven line (generally one side). 

Give the differential diagnosis between pleurisy and 
bronchitis. 

In pleurisy the temperature is high at onset, then lower, while 
in bronchitis the temperature is usually high; in pleurisy, on per- 
cussion, second stage, flatness; while hronchitis — percussion — 
resonance is obtained. 

In pleurisy, the pleuritic grunt; in bronchitis, sibilant and 
sonorous rales during the first stage. In pleurisy, loss of all res- 
piratory sound (second stage) ; in hronchitis, mucous rales coming 
and going (second stage). 

The prognosis. 

It is most always grave, the animal usually dying from as- 
thenia. 

As a rule, where there is a good deal of fibrine thrown out the 
animals get better. 

If they eat well, and the fever is not too high in the beginning, 
and the heart is strong, the prognosis is more favorable. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 165 

The treatment of pleurisy. 

The indications are to get rid of tlie pain in the beginning and 
the ejfusion in the second stage. At the onset, anod}Ties and seda- 
tives are indicated; morphine with aconite is often beneficial. If, 
on the other hand, the animal is very weak, stimulants are recom- 
mended. 

To get rid of the effusion, purgatives should not be used, so 
that we should call on the kidneys to act; nitrate of potassium in 
half or ounce doses ; iodide of potassium is good as a diuretic and 
absorbent, but, as this interferes with the appetite in some cases, 
it should not be used too long. Salicylate of soda, colchicum seed, 
and digitalis are good. 

Nux vomica and arsenic are often beneficial; quinine with 
pepsine, for the appetite. Whiskey should be given if indicated. 

The local treatment. 

Counter-irritation, as mustard, is good, as is also the oil-silk 
jacket. 

At times we have to use the fly blister or part fly and part red 
iodide of mercury or tartar emetic, one drachm to the ounce of 
blister. This is not likely to blemish. 

Clip off the hair and apply it. In some cases suppuration 
takes place, the skin falls off, and the animal is marked for life, 
but this is better than a fatal termination. It is better not to 
blemish, if possible. 

Tapping the chest {paracentesis thoracis) is occasionally used, 
but with unsatisfactory results. About the eighth or ninth inter- 
costal space, midway between the level of the sternum and the level 
of the fluid is the point to introduce the trocar and canula, or, 
better, an aspirator. 

The diet and means of keeping up the appetite are very im- 
portant. 

Coax the animal to eat ; give him gruel, grass, apples, and the 
like if he will not eat bran or steamed oats. 

EMPYEMA. 
Give the synonym. 

Purulent pleurisy. 

What is empyaema ? 

This is pns in the pleural cavity. 

Although quite common in man, it is more or less rare in 



166 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

animals. It may occur from injuries to the chest cavity involving 
the pleura. 

HYDROTHOEAX. 

What is understood by hydrothorax ? 

This may be defined to be water or serum in the pleural cavity. 

It is somewhat rare in equines, it being more frequent in the 
sheep and the dog; it is a non-febrile disease, vrith about the same 
physical signs as in the second stage of pleurisy. 

Dyspnoea is the principal symptom. 

What is the treatment? 

Build up the system. Give diuretics, diaphoretics, and absorb- 
ents. Stimulants may be indicated. 
Locally, blisters may be beneficial. 

PNEUMOTHORAX. 

Give the definition and causes of pneumothorax. 

It is an accumulation of air in the pleural cavity, due, usually, 
to penetrating wound — broken rib or abscess breaking internally 
and externally. 

Where gangrene of the lungs takes place, or where air-cells 
rupture in pulmonary emphysema, these cases are diagnosed by 
aspiration. 

Dyspnoea, temperature low, and signs of collapse. 

What is pneumo-hydrothorax ? 

This is a condition with air or gas and liquid in thoracic 
cavity. 

Define pyo-pneumo-hydrothorax. 

This is a condition with pus, air, and liquid in pleural cavity. 

What is meant by haemato-pneumothorax ? 

This is a condition with Wood and air in thoracic cavity. 

What is understood by the term pneumo-nokoniosis ? 

This is a term used to denote diseases of the lungs due to the 
inhalation of particles of dust, causing a discoloration of the lungs. 

Horses used near mines breathe in coal-dust, or stone-dust, or 
metallic dust. 



SECTION V. 

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

I. DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND PHARYNX. 

LAMPAS. 

What is meant by lampas ? 

It is a swelling, or, in some cases, an inflammation of the mu- 
cous membrane of the hard palate. 

The mucous membrane projects beyond the incisors and is 
probably only troublesome during dentition; as a rule, these cases, 
when brought to your notice, will reveal upon examination a deeper 
trouble, as laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc. Or the swelling 
of the gums may be entirely dependent upon disordered digestion. 

What can be done for this condition ? 

The old practice was to burn these with a red-hot iron. This 
would cause a slough, which would leave a wound, interfering more 
or less with the act of prehension. This sort of treatment should 
not be used under any consideration. The cause of the apparent 
benefits observed from burning the gums will be found in the fact 
that during the processes of sloughing and healing the animal will 
not eat well, and when the mouth gets well he is hungry and eats 
ravenously. 

The horse does not chew with this part of the mouth, and 
therefore it requires little or no treatment. In these cases we have 
to treat the owner, and so ofttimes we scarify the gum lightly to 
please him, or give some mild astringent wash. If indigestion be 
the fault, treat to overcome that deranged function. 

Probably the best way is to recommend corn on the cob, telling 
the owner that this will wear down the gums; another fact, showing 
that lampas does not amount to much, except during dentition, 
is that the animal will eat this hard corn off the cob. 

167 



168 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 



PAREOT MOUTH. 

What is understood by parrot mouth ? 

This is where the upper jaw and incisors are long and overlap 
the lower. The incisors do not come together in the regular manner. 

It is often difficult for these animals to prehend their food, 
especially if turned out to grass. If it be a pronounced case, feed 
on cut hay, etc., to make it easier to take hold of their food. 



CRIBBING. 



Give the synonym. 

Crib-biting. 



What is the definition? 

By cribbing is understood a taking hold of or a gnawing of some 
substance (usually wood), and characterized by a wearing away or 
a bevelling of the front portions of the upper and lower incisors. 
The animal is called a cribber. 

Give the causes. 

It is a habit in many cases, and can be acquired by standing in 
the stable continually, and especially if near an animal that has this 
habit. It may be due to something wanting in the system, or to 
some digestive trouble. 

What can be done for these animals? 

There is no specific; keep the animal in a stall having no man- 
ger nor anything to get hold of, and work regularly. 

Keep rock salt in the stall, unless this tends to increase the 
habit of cribbing. 

WIND SUCKING. 

What is meant by this ? 

The animal is known as a wind sucker, and may take hold of 
some hard substance with the incisor teeth, arch the neck, give 
a grunt, and apparently swallow air; or, in other cases, the nose is 
extended, the lips puckered, and the animal imbibes wind without 
taking hold of anything with the teeth. 

Cribbing and suckinfj irind are usually associated, and are to 
be considered an unsoundness. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 169 

What is the treatment ? 

About the only treatment used is the application of a wide 
strap around the neck to keep the animal from arching the neck, 
but this is objectionable, as it may produce dilatation, etc., of the 
cesophagus, choking, narrowing of the trachea, etc. 

IRKEGULAE TEETH. 

What irregularities of the molar teeth may be seen ? 

The molar teeth, on account of not having an equal wearing on 
the table, have sharp points or projections on the outside of the 
upper jaw and the inside of the lower jaw. 

Give the treatment. 

These roughened edges should be filed down or cut off. 
Do not smooth the rest of the tooth, as it is natural for them 
to be roughened, so as to perform mastication properly. 

STOMATITIS. 

Give the synonym. 

Commonly called bags. 

Define the same. 

It is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth, 
characterized principally by salivation. 

What is morbid anatomy? 

The mucous membrane of the mouth is reddened, swollen, and 
somewhat dry at first; soon secretion takes place, causing a moisture 
of the parts; the secretion, admixed with saliva, often flows from the 
mouth. The superficial form is the one mostly met with in the 
horse. 

Give the causes. 

It may be due to direct injuries, as a curb-bit, irregular teeth, 
iiTitating drenches, or irritating drugs, as the chewing of a ball of 
chloral hydrate. Food undergoing decomposition by locating in a 
decayed tooth. The action of microorganisms may also be a cause. 

What are the symptoms? 

Stomatitis interferes with prehension and mastication, and thus 
there is a loss of appetite, the mucous membrane becomes swollen. 



170 PEACTICE OF EQFINE MEDICINE. 

as do the lips, ropy saliva escapes from the mouth, and there are the 
other clinical signs of inflammation. 

Outline the treatment. 

On account of the great number of blood-vessels in this region, 
little or no treatment is required. 

Chlorate of potash is specific for mouth and throat inflamma- 
tions; it can be given in an electuary or as a gargle, in which case 
it can be syringed into the mouth. 

Some slight astringent wash, as a mild solution of argentum 
nitrate, may be indicated. In most cases potassium nitrate in the 
drinking-water is beneficial, as it is cooling. 

In the horse, as a rule, this trouble is only superficial; the diet 
should consist mostly of soft, sloppy food. 

GLOSSITIS. 

What is glossitis ? 

It is an inflammation of the mucous membrane and substance 
of the tongue, characterized by an interference with the function 
of that organ. 

Give the morbid anatomy. 

The appearance of the tongue is about the same as found in 
stomatitis. In both of the inflammations, in the horse, we usually 
find merely a superficial condition, which readily subsides under 
proper treatment. 

What are the causes ? 

It is caused by irritating medicines, wounds of the tongue, and 
the like, about the same as stomatitis, with which it is usually asso- 
ciated. It is often seen when the animal is turned out early in the 
spring, before the young grass is well up. 

Give the symptoms: 

They are about the same as stomatitis, except that the tongue 
often projects from the mouth, and the tip may be dark-colored. 

Give the treatment of glossitis. 

The use of non-irritating disinfectants, and about the same 
drugs as are used in stomatitis; solutions of alum, boric acid, potas- 
sium chlorate, zinc sulphate, etc. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 171 

APHTHA. 
AVhat is the synonym ? 

Thrush; in the human subject it is called muguet, or sprue. 

Give the definition. 

It is an inflammation of the mouth, due to the growth of a 
vegetable parasite called the bidium albicans. 

What are the symptoms ? 

This affection occurs mostly in the young {foals, calves, lambs, 
dogs, etc.); the mucous membrane of the mouth becomes inflamed, 
small white spots are present, soon becoming vesicles, which rupture 
and leave excoriations. 

What is the prognosis? 

Good, as a rule. 

Give the treatment. 

Cleanliness and soft food are important; the use of mild as- 
tringent and antiseptic solutions is usually beneficial. 

Any of the following drugs may be used, according to the case: 
Potassium chlorate, potassium permanganate, copper sulphate, alum, 
boric acid, silver nitrate, zinc sulphate. 

PAROTITIS. 

What is the synonym ? 

Parotiditis; in man it is called mumps. 

Define parotitis. 

It is an inflammation of the parotid gland, and characterized 
by fever and the local signs of inflammation. 

What are the causes ? 

It is often due to germs; may be the result of an extension; 
mechanical injuries; exposure to atmospheric changes may aid in 
its development. 

How is parotitis diagnosed ? 

By the swelling of the gland, by pain on pressure, by fever, 
in some cases difficulty of deglutition, and the deviation of the head 
to one side. 



172 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What is the treatment ? 

In simple cases, absorbing ointments, mild blisters, etc. 

If suppuration is taking place, hot poultices, blisters; open 
the abscess when ready, taking the greatest of care. 

Internally, cooling drinks, absorbents, internal antiseptics, etc., 
according to indications. 

PHARYNGITIS. 

Define pharyngitis. 

It is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the 
pharynx, and characterized by more or less difficulty in deglutition. 

Give the aetiology 

It is usually associated with, or secondary to, laryngitis, it being 
as a rule an extension of the inflammation. 

It may be caused by mechanical, chemical, or thermic irrita- 
tion, and in some cases it may be of a contagious nature. 

What are the symptoms ? 

The first symptom noticed, as a rule, is that the animal refuses 
to eat; he may make attempts, but is unable to swallow, as there 
is a difficulty in deglutition. 

It is a febrile disease, but the temperature is not very high, 
being about 101° or 102° F.; there is no cough present, unless 
laryngitis is associated with it, or food, etc., irritates the parts. 

One marked symptom is the return of liquids through the nos- 
trils. If you give the animal a pail filled with water, he takes a few 
swallows, stops, and the water is regurgitated through the nostrils. 

There is an inability to swallow, and often solid material and 
mucus or pus are returned through the nostrils. 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

By the slight fever, the inability to swallow (especially liquids); 
by the absence of much pain on pressure over that region. 

Give the differential diagnosis between pharyngitis and 
laryngitis. 

In pharyngitis the temperature is lower than in laryngitis; 
pain is slight or wanting in pharyngitis, whereas it is very pro- 
nounced on pressure in laryngitis. In pharyngitis there is difficulty 
in swallowing liquids, while in laryngitis liquids are more easily 
taken. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 173 

Give the prognosis. 

The prognosis is not^, as a rule, grave, though the animal may 
die from starvation, paralysis, or oedema of the glottis. 

What is the treatment? 

Blisters over the region of the parotid glands and the pharynx, 
the use of gargles, or spraying or swabbing out the throat witli a 
solution of nitrate of silver or peroxide of hydrogen, or anodyne 
or astringent electuaries may be used. 

As a rule, we cannot give solid medicines in these cases, on 
account of the inability to swallow, and for the same reason never 
give drenches. 

If we could get at the pharynx, as they do in the human 
subject, we might do better with these cases. 

Chlorate of potassium in the drinking-water will be of great 
service; even though little is swallowed the animal attempts to do 
so, and this cooling solution is brought into direct contact with 
the inflamed surface. 

It is well to isolate the animals; use separate pail to water them, 
and clean and disinfect the manger. 

Enemas may be beneficial to unload the bowels. 



PAEALYSIS OF THE PHAEYNX. 

Give the definition. 

This is an absence of power of the muscles of the pharynx, char- 
acterized by a total loss of the power of deglutition. 

What are the causes ? 

It is often difficult or impossible to attribute any cause. It may 
follow pharyngitis; it is present in cerebro-spinal meningitis. 

Give the symptoms. 

Inability to swallow food or drink. Saliva and food flowing 
from the nostrils and mouth. 

Palpation yields a baggy condition of the fauces; when the 
parts are touched there is no contraction, the reflex action having 
disappeared. 

What is the prognosis ? 

Grave, these cases dying in four to six days from heart ex- 
haustion or starvation. 



174 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Outline the indications for treatment. 

Internally, belladonna, strychnine, etc. 

Locally, blisters over the pharynx; astringent and antiseptic 
solutions applied to the pharynx itself. 

POST-PHARYNGEAL ABSCESS. 

Give the synonym. 

Super-pharyngeal abscess. 

What is the definition ? 

This is a term borrowed from the human, and signifies a col- 
lection of pus in the cellular tissue behind or above the pharynx. 

It is rarely seen, although it may occur, and when it is present 
you are apt to be misled, as the only symptom present is roaring. 

After a time the abscess breaks, pus escapes from the nose, and 
the symptom subsides. 

What are the indications for treatment ? 

Williams recommends puncturing, but it is often difficult, un- 
less the abscess points and bulges. If so, treat as you would any 
abscess. If a diagnosis can be made the exploring needle should be 
employed to confirm it, when it may be opened by boring with the 
finger or by the use of the aspirator. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE GUTTURAL POUCHES. 

Give the synonym. 

Pus in the guttural pouches. 

Define the same. 

This is a catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of 
the guttural pouches, with the formation and accumulation of pus, 
and characterized by a discharge from the nostrils at varying in- 
tervals, especially if the head be depressed. 

Describe the use of the guttural pouches. 

The use is not well understood; the sense of hearing is sup- 
posed to be aided by them. 

The pouches are found in the equine race, and are lined by 
mucous membrane. The opening of the Eustachian tube is high up. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 175 

What is the pathology? 

The mucous membrane becomes tumefied, reddened, and infil- 
trated; an increased amount of secretion takes place, which becomes 
purulent and glairy, holding white or yellowish-white clots in sus- 
pension. 

The watery parts may become absorbed or evaporated, the re- 
mainder undergoing degeneration and becoming absorbed, or may 
dry up and form calculi, which are variable in size, from a pinhead 
to a chestnut. 

Gas is sometimes present in these pouches. 

The neighboring lymphatic glands are hard and somewhat en- 
larged. 

Give the causation and symptoms. 

The inflammation is generally secondary, often following or 
associated with parotitis, pharyngitis, or colt distemper. 

The Eustachian tube may become closed, preventing the escape 
of pus, which accumulates (generally on one side, becoming much 
swollen, causing difficult breathing (dyspnoea) and even roaring, 
and also interfering with deglutition by pressure on the larynx 
and pharynx). 

It may become so distended as to burst or cause death by suffo- 
cation or gangrene of the lungs. 

In other cases the pus escapes from the nostrils — either one or 
both; if unilateral, the veterinarian looks for glanders. 

The discharge is intermittent in character, and depends on the 
position of the head, it being increased when the head is lowered. 
Mastication and deglutition often increase the flow, as will exercise. 

The intermaxillary glands are swollen in most cases, and are 
usually soft to the feel and movable under the skin. 

The discharge varies in quality, generally being of a thick and 
creamy consistency and odorless. It comes out of the most depend- 
ing part of the nostril, and does not form crusts, and is not very 
sticky. 

If we suspect this condition, we look at the parotid region, and 
there we find a swelling which, if pressed on, is painful and often 
causes the pus to flow out. 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

By a thick, odorless, creamy, and clotty discharge from one or 
both nostrils, being intermittent, and increased by mastication, deg- 



176 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

lutition, position of head or exercise, and by the swelhng in the 
parotid region. 

How may it be differentiated from pus in the sinuses ? 

By swelling over the sinus, by dulness on percussion associated 
with pain, and by the discharge, which is usually offensive. 

Give the prognosis. 

The case seems to hang on unless treated, and is quite a grave 
condition. Death may result from asphyxia or gangrenous pneu- 
monia. 

What are the indications for treatment when pus is 
present ? 

This is rather difficult to treat, and when it attends colt dis- 
temper it may have to be opened on account of the interference with 
the respiration. Be careful when opening, on account of the blood- 
vessels in that region. Cut through the skin with a scalpel, and 
then, by the use of a trocar and canula, the cavity containing pus 
may be found. Then, by the use of a blunt-pointed bistoury and 
your finger, carefully enlarge the opening until you reach the cavity. 
Now wash out the cavity with mild disinfectant solution. 

By using your linger in these cases you avoid much hemorrhage. 

An operation is often performed called hyovertehrotomy, which 
is one of the most delicate operations we have to perform. Roughly 
epeaking, it consists in making an incision above and one below, and 
passing a seton through. 

These animals should receive their hay off the floor, so as to 
keep their heads in a low position, which allows the pus a better 
chance to escape. It is well to turn these animals out to grass. Ex- 
ercise is also beneficial. 

Keep manger clean and disinfected. 



2. DISEASES OF THE (ESOPHAGUS. 

FOEEIGN BODIES IN THE (ESOPHAGUS. 
Choking. 

What is the causation ? 

Food, as carrots, apples, potatoes, bread, and the like, that have 
not been properly masticated, or foods that are not properly in- 



DISEASES 01? THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 177 

salivated, in such cases being hard and becoming lodged; pills 
that are large, hard, and dry; then, too, stricture, tumors, etc., may- 
cause this condition. 

What may be the situation of the foreign body ? 

It may be situated in the fliaryngeal part, in the cervical portion^ 
or in the thoracic portion. In the horse the principal situation is the 
cervical part. 

What are the symptoms when the foreign body is situated 
in the pharyngeal portion ? 

The symptoms are urgent, there is a spasmodic contraction of 
the muscles of the neck, with arching of the neck, and efforts at 
swallowing and regurgitation. 

Often dyspnoea is present; animal becomes uneasy and dis- 
tressed. 

Salivation takes place, consisting of a thick and ropy material, 
which denotes irritation of the glands of the fauces. 

In the fauces there are a great number of mucous glands, and 
these pour out their secretions. 

We can often detect a swelling in the region of the pharynx;, 
or, if we pass our hand back in the mouth, the foreign body may 
be felt. 

Give the symptoms when the body is situated in the 
cervical portion. 

If the foreign body is situated in the cervical portion the S3anp- 
toms are not so urgent, and in these cases we test by liquids, the 
water going down as far as the obstruction, and then returning 
through the nares and the mouth. 

Again, in some cases a marked prominence along the oesopha- 
gus may be seen. 

What are the symptoms when the body is situated in 
the thoracic portion ? 

When in the thoracic portion the symptoms are often very ob- 
scure; the animal will not eat much, and when he does eat or drink 
there is a regurgitation and a discharge through the nostrils and' 
mouth. 

Outline the treatment. 

The indication is to get rid of the body; manipulations exter- 
nally; or if it be in the pharynx, manipulations internally. If the 



178 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

object be further down, administer oil to lubricate the passage as 
well as the object. 

If the body be in the thoracic portion, use the probang, which, 
in the horse, is difficult, as we cannot get its head on a straight 
line with the throat, and so cannot use a very large probang. When 
using the probang, don't use violence, but gentle, continued pressure. 

If the object cannot be removed with a probang, cesophagotomy 
can be performed. This is not very difficult; you cut down on the 
oesophagus, expose it, make your incision above. There is some 
trouble in healing, and danger of a constriction. In applying 
sutures, be sure and have the mucous membrane included. 

STEICTURE OF THE (ESOPHAGUS. 

Name the synonym. 

Strictura. 

Give the definition. 

This is a contraction, constriction, or narrowing of some por- 
tion of the oesophagus, characterized by more or less severe symp- 
toms of choke. 

What is the aetiology ? 

It may be produced by a wound, or by morbid deposits, as 
tumors pressing on the oesophagus; also, cancer of the oesophagus, 
or by parasites. 

There is usually a dilatation above the stricture, which can be 
seen when the animal drinks. 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

It is made principally by regurgitation of food and drink, and in 
some cases by the passing of a probang. 

What is the treatment ? 

Some books recommend cutting down, but this depends very 
largely on the extent and cause of the stricture; if the stricture 
is slight, careful feeding is all that can be recommended. If severe, 
destruction of the animal is advisable. 

DILATATION OF THE (ESOPHAGUS. 

What is the synonym? 

Jabot. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 179 

Define a jabot. 

By a jabot is meant a saccular dilatation or a hernia of the 
oesophagus. In other cases the dilatation may be more or less gen- 
eral. 

What are the symptoms ? 

There is an altered appetite, difficulty of deglutition, signs of 
choking, more or less severe, salivation, regurgitation of food and 
drink, emaciation, which is more or less gradual. 

Locally, on the left side, generally in front of the shoulder, 
a tumor appears, which is soft to the feel, compressible, and re- 
ducible on pressure. After eating or drinking the tumor becomes 
larger, on account of containing food. 

With what condition may a jabot be confounded ? 

With a cold abscess, when situated on the left side. 

How are these to be differentiated ? 

By the jabot being soft and reducible, while the cold abscess 
is hard, the walls thick, and, if aspirated, will be found to contain 
pus, if it has had time to form. 

What is the prognosis ? 

Dilatation is usually associated with stricture, the former being 
above the stricture. 

What is the treatment ? 

There is nothing much to do in these cases; some recommend 
cutting down, etc., and in some cases may get good results. 
Pressure may be of some service. 



RUPTUEE OF THE (ESOPHAGUS. 

Name the synonym. 

Perforation of the gullet. 

What are the causes ? 

The lodgement of foreign bodies, punctured wounds, or from 
the result of operations; it may be associated with certain brain 
affections. 



180 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Give the symptoms. 

Symptoms of choking are present; after eating and drinking, 
a large swelling, due to the food and water, may be shown externally. 
The food and drink are often regurgitated through the nose. 

What is the treatment? 

No treatment, except where the wound is slight, in which 
case treat it as you would any wound; cleanliness, astringent and 
antiseptic solutions. If sutures are employed be sure to include 
the mucous membrane. 



PARALYSIS OF THE OESOPHAGUS. 

What is the synonym ? 

Paralytic dysphagia. 

Define this affection. 

This is a loss of power of the muscular structure of the oesoph- 
agus, characterized by an inability to contract. 

SPASM OF THE CESOPHAGUS. 

Name the synonyms. 

(Esophagism; dysphagia spastica. 

Give the causes. 

Often due to some foreign body or nerve irritation. 

What are the symptoms ? 

Arching of the neck, retching, and attempts at vomiting; pro- 
fuse salivation is present in some cases. 

Outline the treatment. 

Antispasmodics, as belladonna, opium, etc., may be given, to- 
gether with flaxseed-tea or oils. 



(ESOPHAGITIS. 

Give the definition. 

This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane, etc., of the 
oesophagus. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 181 

What is the causation ? 

It may be slight, accompanying pharyngitis, or it may be 
caused by parasites. 

Irritants, as a chloral pill breaking, or when given in capsule 
in tympanitic colic, the distended stomach refusing to admit the 
capsule, which dissolves and liberates the irritant; it may be caused 
by caustics; also by very hot drinks or drenches. 

Tlie diagnosis is made how ? 

Is often difficult in mild cases, as the symptoms are often 
vague. There is pain on pressure, difficulty of swallowing, saliva- 
tion, and some of the symptoms of choking, arching of the neck, 
retching, squaling, etc. 

What is the treatment ? 

Cooling and mucilaginous drinks are beneficial; allow animal 
to lick ice; astringents, as a solution of alum, or chlorate of potash, 
silver nitrate, tannin, etc. 

The diet should be liquid and non-irritating. 



3. DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. 

GASTEITIS. 

Name the forms of gastritis. 

Gastritis may be conveniently divided into three forms, namely, 
Toxic Gastritis, Acute Gastkitis, and Chronic Gastritis. 

TOXIC GASTRITIS. 

What is the synonym ? 

Poisonous gastritis. 

Define this form. 

This is an acute and violent inflammation of the mucous mem- 
brane of the stomach with loss of tissue. 

What is the pathology? 

The mucous membrane is reddened, swollen, and eroded in 
spots or patches; the ulcerations which are present may be super- 
ficial or deep; the gastric glands are destroyed. 



182 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

The mucous membrane of the mouth, etc., may show signs of 
inflammation. 

Give the aetiology. 

Irritants and corrosives, as arsenic, turpentine, salts of mer- 
cury, mineral acids, copper, and the like, produce this condition. 

What are the symptoms? 

They are shown immediately after the ingestion of these sub- 
etances. In the horse, colicky pains are present, the animal crouch- 
ing down, pointing the nose to the region of the stomach. 

The pulse is rapid and strong at first, then becomes weak, the 
respirations slow, the temperature high — 104.5° or 106° F. 

Thirst is prominent, the animal refuses food, diarrhoea is apt 
to be present. 

If the case is fatal, signs of collapse are shown, and the animal 
dies from exhaustion. 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

Depends on the history of the case, to a great extent. We 
might find traces in the mouth of a stomatitis. 

What is the treatment ? 

If caused by poisons, coat the stomach with a bland mucila- 
ginous substance, as a solution of gum arable or flaxseed-tea. 

Treat the colicky pains by solid opium — two drachms of gum 
opium, and don't be afraid to repeat this. Opium is a symptom 
medicine, and in some cases can be kept up a long time without 
producing poisoning. 

To lessen the pain, belladonna can be given with opium. If 
the poison is known, give the antidote. 



ACUTE GASTEITIS. 

Give the synonyms. 

Gastric fever; acute dyspepsia; acute indigestion; acute 
gastric catarrh; simple gastritis. 

Define acute gastritis. 

This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the 
ptomach. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 183 

What is the morbid anatomy ? 

The mucous membrane at the pyloric end of the stomach is 
reddened, swollen, and thickened; the peptic glands degenerate 
and the membrane is covered with a thick mucus, which contains 
epithelial cells, granular cells, etc. 

How is simple gastritis caused ? 

It may be caused by errors in the diet, feeding irregularly, 
improper food, sudden change of food, fast eating, cold drinks, or, 
on the other hand, a lack of the gastric juice. It is often associated 
with or secondary to anasmia, purpura haemorrhagica, pneumonia, 
and affections of the liver. 

What are the symptoms ? 

The first thing noticed is a change in the appetite, it becomes 
lessened or capricious. They yawn frequently, which is due to 
irritation of the pneumogastric nerve. Some European writers 
have stated that white hellebore when eaten by horses will produce 
vomiting without gastric lesions. Symptoms of nausea and even 
vomiting are said to be present in these cases, but they are prob- 
ably rare. 

The mucous membrane of the mouth being at first dry and 
then covered with a ropy mucus, the breath has a sour, stale smell, 
the tongue is coated. 

Then again there may be intestinal troubles, or the flanks may 
be tucked up; the faeces are passed frequently and in small quan- 
tities, and the balls are often coated with mucus. Diarrhoea, 
accompanied by tympanites and colic, may be a symptom. Some- 
times after the faeces are discharged a yellowish liquid is passed, 
which soils the tail and the hocks. 

There is, as a rule, little or no fever, the temperature being 
about 101° or 103° F. 

There are certain general symptoms present; the animal be- 
comes lazy, stupid, and sweats easily; jaundice may be present 
from an interference with the bile-duct; the urine may be altered, 
it being less in quantity, there is less sediment, and the phosphates 
are present in noticeable quantities. 

What is the prognosis? 

These cases, when mild, get well, especially when under good 
hygienic surroundings. Sometimes in old animals it leads to death; 
or, again, it may go on to the chronic form. 



1S4 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Give the treatment. 

Good hygiene is of primary importance, as is the diet; feeding 
with, small quantities and at frequent intervals. Give water with 
the chill taken off in cold weather. 

If the stomach is overcharged, glauber salts and tartar emetic 
or small doses of calomel may be given; purgatives in small and 
broken doses. We probably give purgatives in this manner too 
little; it is no doubt a nice way to administer them. Eserine and 
pilocarpine cause evacuations. 

The sulphite of soda is good if tympanites is present. Creoline 
and carbolic acid are also used. Pepsine and hydrochloric acid 
can be given to assist digestion; also ginger, bismuth, and sodium 
bicarbonate are indicated, as are nux vomica and Fowler's solution. 
If diarrhoea and colic are present, we use dry food and astringents, 
as opium and tannic acid. Starch in the drinking-water is good. 

CHRONIC GASTRITIS. 

Name the synonym. 

Chronic dyspepsia; chronic indigestion; chronic catarrh of 
the stomach. 

Define chronic gastritis. 

This is an inflammation of the stomach, chronic in its course, 
characterized by thickening of the mucous membrane and organic 
changes of the gastric glands, associated with an increased forma- 
tion of mucus with an irregular appetite. 

What is the morbid anatomy? 

The mucous membrane is of a red, brown, or slate color, is 
thickened in ridges and covered with a thick whitish and sticky 
mucus; the gastric glands increase in size at first, but soon atrophy. 

Give the aetiology. 

It may be caused by errors in the diet, as fast eating, improper 
mastication, large draughts of water. Chronic gastritis may be 
associated with rachitis, angemia, and diabetes; other causes are 
ulcer or dilatation of the stomach, chronic lung, heart, or liver 
diseases. 

What are the symptoms? 

The appetite is variable, at times being impaired, at other 
times good. The tongue is coated, the edges often red; a sour odor 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 185 

comes from the mouth; the digestion is slow, which causes the 
food to ferment; in some cases diarrhoea may be present, while in 
others constipation, the faeces are hard and covered with mucous 
and at times shreds of mucous membrane. There is no fever, the 
pulse may be slow or in some cases rapid; emaciation is usually 
present, the skin being harsh and dry. 

What is the treatment? 

Regulate the diet, giving smaller quantities of food, feed regu- 
larly, and cause the animal to eat slowly. 

Purges to relieve the stomach; for the pain, if any, give 
opium, belladonna, etc. ; for fermentation, give charcoal, bismuth, 
sodium bicarbonate, salicylic acid, creasote; to aid digestion, pep- 
sine,, pancreatine, hydrochloric acid ; to tone up the appetite, nux 
vomica, tincture of capsicum or ginger. 

VERTIGO-ABDOMINALIS. 
Give the synonym. 

Stomach staggers; imi^action of the stomach. 

What is the definition ? 

This is a distention of the stomach with food, characterized 
by symptoms of vertigo, due to pressure on the abdominal vessels. 

Give the aetiology. 

This is not so frequently met with at present as formerly, as 
the principles of feeding are better understood. The stomach of 
the horse is small, as compared with the size of the body, and there- 
fore should receive comparatively small quantities at a time, and 
more often than some animals. 

The use of the nose-bag in giving the animal a mid-day meal 
has aided in a change for the better. 

Eating greedily of cut feed, corn stalks, wheat, or too large 
quantities of oats. Again, during convalescence, where the animal 
is fed up while more or less weak. 

This impaction interferes with the action of the muscular 
structure, and the food remains in the stomach, and as it cannot 
be vomited by the horse it remains there. 

What are the symptoms ? 

They are those of gastric irritation; there is more or less un- 
easiness, looking around at the sides, colicky pains, pawing, lying 
down, rolling, sweating, possibly eructations of gas and vomiting. 



186 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Accompanying any or all of these symptoms they show signs 
of delirium, and hence the name stomach staggers; soon the de- 
lirious signs are followed by a comatose condition. 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

It is made by the history of over-feeding, by the symptoms of 
colic, associated with signs of delirium and coma, together with 
the suddenness of the attack. 

Give the prognosis. 

Is grave, as a rule, as medicines are slow in action on the im- 
pacted stomach, the walls of which are incapable of acting. 

What is the treatment ? 

Unload the stomach, which is often very difficult, as the 
medicines are not absorbed and do not relieve the impaction; some 
recommend liquids, the use of salt to increase the thirst, which is 
only good, as a rule, in the milder cases. 

Aloes, linseed oil, and the like, aided by stimulating enemas, 
may be used. 

Eserine and pilocarpine, given hypodermically, are indicated. 

// vertigo is present, cold to the head, in the shape of an ice- 
bag or sponges with cold water. Bromides internally may be 
indicated. 

KUPTURE OF THE STOMACH. 

Give the definition. 

By this is meant a tearing of the coats of the stomach, the 
contents of which ooze into the abdominal cavity. 

What is the causation? 

This often follows colic and ruptures from the accumulation 
of gas or when the stomach is full by the animal falling, and caus- 
ing shock; fast or heavy work on a full stomach. 

Traumatic injuries, as being run into by a shaft or pole; or 
the walls of the vise us may become thin from the presence of 
bots, etc. 

What are the symptoms ? 

They are those of colic at the onset; soon the pain ceases, the 
animal seems better, but this seemingly favorable condition does 
not last long. They are followed by signs of collapse; a running 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 187 

down, weak pulse, the temperature subnormal, the respirations 
rapid, cold extremities, muscular tremblings, staggering gait, ab- 
sence of the intestinal murmur. 

These symptoms may be present, and still there be no rupture. 
The position of the animal is said to be diagnostic — the lying on 
the sternum with the posterior parts elevated, or, on the other 
hand, the sitting on the haunches; but these positions are not 
pathognostic. 

Vomiting occurs when the rupture is near the cardiac opening. 

Give the diagnosis. 

"We cannot always diagnose during life; we merely suspect. 
Where vomiting exists, we are more positive. 

What is the prognosis ? 

Eupture of the stomach is fatal, unless it be partial; that is, 
where there is an over-stretching of the cardiac opening. In these 
cases the animal may live. It is well to give a guarded prognosis. 

Outline the treatment. 

Keep the animal quiet by the use of anodynes, as opium or 
morphine hypodermically. Internal antiseptics, antacids, etc., are 
usually beneficial. 

If pains subside, feed the animal in small quantities, and give 
sloppy food. 

4. DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES. 

SPASMODIC COLIC. 

What are the synonyms ? 

Intestinal pain; enteralgia; belly-ache. 

What is understood by the word " colic " ? 

The word colic should refer to the colon, but its use at present 
covers the entire intestinal tract, and even the rest of the contents 
of the abdominal cavity. 

Colic may be defined to be abdominal pain without any anatom- 
ical changes, produced by a spasmodic contraction of the muscular 
structure of the intestines, characterized by uneasiness, and tem- 
porary suspension of defecation and urination. 



188 PEACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What are the causes ? 

The equine race seems to be predisposed to colic on account 
of their anatomical characteristics. They cannot vomit; they eat 
fermentable food; then the great length of the intestines, which 
are apt to become twisted and the like, and the faecal matter may 
become impacted. 

Then, again, chillings of the skin; the direct application of 
cold to the mucous membrane, as a cold drink, or too large quan- 
tities of water, especially if the animal be overheated. 

Overcharging the stomach may be a cause, so that we say 
Monday is our colic day, or after a holiday, from a lack of exercise; 
frozen food or poor food, or too much food. Calculi, by pressing 
on the terminal branches of the nerves, cause ulceration and colicky 
pains. 

Colic is rarely due to worms; sometimes it is due to starva- 
tion, as seen in army horses on long marches; aneurisms of the 
mesenteric arteries are quite a common cause, especially of periodical 
colics. 

What are the symptoms of spasmodic colic ? 

There are a great variety of symptoms which are shown sud- 
denly. 

If hitched before a wagon, the animal will stop, point the 
nose around at the sides, paw, and want to lie down; while if in a 
narrow stall, he will become uneasy, paw, switch the tail, look at 
the sides, lie down, get up, etc. 

If in a box stall, he will walk around, paw, kick the abdomen 
with the hind foot, crouch down, or in other cases will roll on 
his back, and remain in this position for a time, and when the spasm 
comes on will get up, paw, etc. 

The pain is paroxysmal at first, the intervals of ease often 
lasting for a considerable length of time. It may be necessary to 
watch these cases ten or fifteen minutes before the spasm recurs. 

The pulse is about 40, increasing during the pain; the tem- 
perature is normal, or possibly elevated half a degree; the animal 
may sweat. Diarrhcea or constipation may be present. 

Some of the unfavorable symptoms are a rapid and thready 
pulse, the extremities cold to the feel (especially the tips of the 
ears when cold and clammy), together with muscular tremblings, 
which can best be appreciated by applying the hand to the muscles 
over the shoulder. Other unfavorable symptoms are cold sweat- 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 189 

ing, anxious expression, dilated pupils, the mucous membranes 
are dark in color or contain mahogany or saffron-colored spots. 

What is the prognosis ? 

Always be guarded; the prognosis varies with the cause. 

Give the indications for treatment. 

First relieve the pain, and then act on the confined towels. 

To relieve the pain, anodynes, sedatives or stimulants; opium 
or morphine, chloral, chloroform (well diluted), ether, belladonna, 
cannabis indica, ginger, camphor. 

To act on the confined bowels, give oils, aloes (in some cases) ; 
eserine and pilocarpine hypodermically or intravenously, or barium 
chloride intravenously. 

Enemas of soap-suds, salt, glycerine. 

TYMPANITIC COLIC. 

Give the synonyms. 

Tjanpanites; flatulent colic; wind colic; gaseous colic. 

Define flatulent colic. 

By this is understood colic due to the accumulation of gas 
in the stomach and intestines, characterized by swelling of the 
abdomen, more or less pain, and in some cases eructations of gas 
from the mouth and the passage of flatus from the anus. 

Give the aetiology. 

Gaseous colic is seen mostly during the hot or changeable sea- 
sons, due to the change of food, green food, etc. ; the food ferments 
in the stomach and bowels, causing gases to form. 

A lack of sufficient quantities of the digestive juices may be 
a cause. Wind-suckers are prone to this form of colic. 

Bacterial ferments product of gases. 

What are the symptoms ? 

The colicky pains may or may not be severe; in some cases 
there is a gradual accumulation of gas, the abdomen being dis- 
tended to a considerable size before the animal shows signs of 
distress. In these cases the gas accumulates mostly in the large 
intestines, principally the caecum — the swelling in these cases be- 
ing most prominent on the right (off) side. In other cases, the 
gas is in the stomach and small intestines, causing an arching of 
the neck and attempts at vomiting (in some cases actual vomiting). 



190 PEACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Other symptoms are uneasiness, pawing, rolling, passage of 
gas from the anus, dyspnoea. 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

By the drum-like swelling of the abdomen, by symptoms of 
pain, and on auscultation borborygmi. 

Give the prognosis. 

Should be guarded; most cases recover. The dangers are: a 
rupture of the stomach, diaphragm, or intestines; also carbon 
dioxide poisoning, due to pressure; pulmonary oedema or apoplexy. 

What is the treatment ? 

Get rid of the gas present, and check its formation. 

Internal antiseptics are the drugs indicated in these cases to 
stop the formation of the gases. 

Chloral hydrate is antiseptic; relieves the pain and aids in 
the expulsion of the gases; chloride of lime and charcoal are good; 
the hyposulphite of soda, sodium bicarbonate, bismuth, ginger. 

Purgatives are often indicated and can be assisted by enemas 
of glycerine, soap-suds, or a stimulating enema containing tur- 
pentine. 

Massage to the abdomen or puncturing the caecum with a 
trocar and canula on the right side in the most prominent spot 
between the angle of the ilium and the last rib. In some cases on 
the left side. 

The dangers of puncturing are abscesses, hemorrhage, peri- 
tonitis. 

COLICS DUE TO AN ALTERED RELATION OF THE 
INTESTINES. 

INVAGIN'ATION, INTUSSUSCEPTION, VOLVULUS. 

What is invagination ? 

By this is meant the condition existing where one portion 
of the intestines slips into another; three layers are thus present 
in the retained part. 

Define volvulus. 

This is a twisting of the gut (a rotation of the organ upon its 
axis) or a bending of a portion of the intestines, causing a stoppage 
of the canal. 



DISEASES OF THE DiaESTIVE SYSTEM. 191 

What are the causes ? 

In many cases stricture of a portion of the intestines pre- 
disposes this condition. Spasm of the muscular tissue may be a 
cause. 

This condition causes an interference with the circulation, 
producing death of the part. 

How may these conditions be diagnosed? 

Symptoms of colic are present, which continue, treatment giv- 
ing no relief; there is pawing almost continually of one front foot; 
the animal will usually stand, although occasionally going down. 

No fever at first; later the temperature rises a degree or so, 
reaching possibly 104° or 105° F. several hours before death. The 
pulse becomes weak, the animal sweats, which is at first warm, but 
later cold. 

These conditions can only be suspected during life, and ought 
to be verified by a post-mortem. 

What can be done for these cases? 

Antispasmodics, as opium, belladonna, cannabis iudica, chloral, 
chloroform, ether. 

Oils, flaxseed tea, enemas, purges hypodermically or intrave- 
nously may be used. 

Laparotomy is indicated, but this is very difficult in the horse. 

It could be tried in the dog, as it is commonly performed with 
success in the human subject. 

Linseed oil may be tried; eserine also. 

ENTERITIS. 
Give the synonyms. 

Inflammation of the bowels. 

What is enteritis ? 

This is an inflammation of the intestines, characterized by 
more or less fever and continual pain. 

What is duodenitis ? 

This is an inflammation of the duodenum. 

What is the term used to denote an inflammation of the 
ileum ? 

Ileitis. 



192 PEACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What is meant by typhlitis? 

By this term is meant an inflammation of the caecum. 

Define colitis. 

Colitis is an inflammation of the colon. 

What word signifies an inflammation of the rectum ? 

Proctitis. 

Give the morbid anatomy of enteritis. 

The mucous membrane alone may not only be involved, but it 
may extend to the muscular coat, thus preventing the forcing of 
the food along the intestines, which become paralyzed or partially 
60. On post mortem signs of peritonitis are most always present. 

The mucous membrane is reddened in patches, as a rule, thick- 
ened, softened, and often ulcerated. 

This is not a very common disease, and it takes some time for 
it to develop. 

What is the aetiology ? 

It may be caused by irritants — poisons, alkalies, or acids; it 
may follow hernia, castration, liver trouble, embolism, aneurism, 
colics which are not relieved, especially if they be due to con- 
stipation, also by bacteria, toxins, cryptograms. 

What are the symptoms ? 

This is a febrile disease, the temperature during the congestive 
stage may rise to 104° or 105° F., but as soon as the exudation 
is thrown out it reduces and varies from 103° to 103|° F., and 
stays about this way until death approaches, when the temperature 
again rises. 

The pulse in enteritis is small, weak, and compressible, and 
very rapid. 

The respirations are accelerated and thoracic. 

The mucous membranes are highly injected, the mouth is 
clammy and hot, there is a bad odor to the breath, a frothy dis- 
charge of saliva, which has a sour smell. 

There is intestinal pain and often some tympanites. The pain 
is constant in enteritis, the animal keeps walking around in a circle, 
stops at times, paws a little, and may possibly lie down once in a 
while; he usually makes several attempts to lie down, and when 
he does go down does so very carefully. They try to get on their 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 193 

back and remain so for a long time, then roll over, get up, and 
commence to walk. 

They may walk this way for a day or two; the skin will be 
rubbed off their eyes, hips, and shoulders from the continual rub- 
bing against the sides of the stall. 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

By the fever, by the continual pain, by the walking in a circle, 
by the pulse, which is small, rapid, and compressible, by the absence 
of the intestinal murmur on auscultation. 

What disease is enteritis commonly confounded with ? 

Colic. 

What is the differential diagnosis ? 

In colic there is an absence of fever, intermittent pain, the 
animals throwing themselves down violently; while in enteritis 
there is fever, continued pain, and the animals lie down carefully. 

Give the prognosis. 

The disease is quite fatal, although cases do recover. 

What is the treatment ? 

Keep the animals and the bowels quiet; opium, or, better, 
morphine should be given till its action is obtained. Do not be 
afraid to give 8 or 10 grains hypodermically, repeating at intervals 
of three or four hours, giving belladonna in between the doses of 
morphine. 

They used to bleed and use cathartics, but these are of no use. 
Do not give injections. 

If diarrhoea is present, give gum opium, beginning with 
drachm doses and increasing according to indications. 

Eemember that opium is a symptom medicine and should be 
given until its action is reached. Chloral hydrate may be used in 
the beginning, but not after the case is well advanced. 

Cannabis indica (fl. ext.) in two-drachm doses may be given 
in place of opium or with it. 

The local treatment consists of hot blankets around the abdo- 
men with a dry blanket over it. 

The diet should consist wholly of fiaxseed-tea for about forty- 
eight hours. After some six or eight hours, if they will not drink 
the flaxseed-tea, it is well to drench them with some. After, say, 
forty-eight hours, give oil. 



194 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 



DIARRHCEA. 

Give the synonym. 

Alvus soluta; alvine flux; purging; scouring. 

What is the definition ? 

It is a too frequent and loose evacuation of the faecal matter 
from the intestines. 

Give the causes. 

The kind of food; sudden change of food, soft food, frozen 
food, bad food. 

Large draughts of water, stagnant water, purgatives; it may 
be associated with certain blood diseases, lung diseases, intestinal 
affections, or it may be produced by micro-organisms. 

Horses of certain conformations seem predisposed to diarrhoea; 
those with a narrow body, high hips. 

What is the treatment ? 

Diarrhoea is often an effort of nature to get rid of an irritant, 
and therefore we should not be too hasty in stopping a diarrhoea, 
as constipation, enteritis, and death may be the result. 

Starch in the drinking-water (one-half pound to a pail of 
water); chalk is also used, one chalk ball in half a pail of water. 
Flaxseed-tea is good. Then again, astringents, as opium, which 
arrests secretions. 

Tannin, mercury with chalk, catechu, sugar of lead, alum, and 
the like, may be used. 

Rest is important ; in chronic cases, give drinking-water at 
least an hour before driving. 



CONSTIPATION". 

Give the synonyms. 

Alvus adstricta; intestinal torpor; costiveness. 

What is constipation ? 

It is a functional disorder due to insufficient secretion or in- 
nervation, and characterized by the retention of the faecal matter. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 196 

Define costiveness. 

Costiveness is where there is a lack of secretion and the faeces 
are small, hard, and dry, while in constipation there is no passage 
at all. These terms, however, are used as synonyms. 

What are the causes ? 

Kind of food, too much food, want of or too much exercise, 
old age, lack of secretions, stricture, hernia, paralysis, tumors, af- 
fections of the stomach, liver, intestines, etc. 

How is constipation diagnosed ? 

By there not being any passage, by colicky pains, loss of 
appetite. 

Give the prognosis. 

It depends on the cause and the complications; simple cases 
recover. 

Outline the treatment. 

Attend to the diet; give laxative food occasionally to prevent 
constipation. 

Laxatives or purges may be given; oil, calomel, aloes (in full 
or broken doses), eserine, pilocarpine. 

Nux vomica with belladonna may be given to tone up the 
nerves of the intestines. 

Enemas aid the purges by softening the contents of the bowels 
and increasing peristalsis. 

If colicky pains are present, give anodynes, antispasmodics, 
etc., as opium, chloral, cannabis indica, hyoscyamus. 

Nux vomica, belladonna, gentian, ginger, calumba, etc., may 
be given to assist the purge and tone up the bowels. 



5. DISEASES OF THE PERITONEUM. 

PERITONITIS. 

What are the forms ? 

Peritonitis may be primary or secondary, general or local, acute 
or chronic. 

Define peritonitis. 

This is an inflammation of the peritoneum. 



196 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Give the causation. 

This rarely arises as a primary disease, it being secondary to 
some other disease, or it may follow an injury or operation, as 
castration, or it may be associated with some disease of the organs 
of the abdominal cavity, as enteritis, dysentery, diseases of the 
liver, of the stomach, of the mesenteric glands ; or it may be asso- 
ciated with aneurism. 

Peritonitis sometimes arises in pregnant animals, or it may 
be seen after birth where there is metritis ; this is very common in 
the human subject, and it may occur in our animals. 

The microorganisms enter through the ruptured or inflamed 
parts. 

What is the pathology? 

The lesions may be general or local ; they are local where the 
membrane becomes thickened, and in these cases it is very apt 
to spread. This is a serous membrane, and the pathology is about 
the same as we find elsewhere. At first the membrane becomes 
congested and dry; after a time exudation of fibrine and the 
effusion of serum takes place. The fibrine forms flakes, which 
form adhesions. 

Describe the symptoms. 

Unless peritonitis follows pregnancy, some operation, or some 
noticeable disease, the symptoms are more or less vague and mis- 
leading. 

It is a febrile disease ; the pulse is small, quick, hard, and wiry 
at first, becoming weaker and more feeble as the disease goes on. 
The temperature varies, it being 104° to 105° F. in the beginning, 
while later it is not so high. The respirations are difficult, short, 
and thoracic; the mucous membranes are reddened, the appetite 
is lost, the bowels are constipated, tympanites is present. The most 
prominent symptom is pain, which causes the animal to become 
uneasy, move about, lie down (carefully). 

What is the prognosis ? 

Usually grave ; ascites may be the result, the latter being rare 
in the horse. 

Give the indications for treatment. 

They are about the same as given for enteritis. Rest, ano- 
dynes, and locally heat and moisture. Cathartics and enemas are 
contraindicated. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 197 

Define ascites. 

Hydro-peritoneum is a collection or accumulation of serous 
fluid in the abdominal or peritoneal cavity. 

It is rare in horses, but is occasionally seen in the dog. 

What are the indications for treatment ? 

Ascertain the cause and remove it. Act on the skin, kidneys, 
and bowels. Absorbents, tonics, etc., are useful. 

Locally, blisters; tapping possibly. Good food and exercise 
are important. 

6. DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 

The liver is the gateway of the system, and as it has many 
functions to perform it is evident that functional disturbances at 
least, are possibly more common than is ordinarily supposed. It is 
one of the most important organs of the body, but on account of 
its deep situation, veterinarians are often unable to accurately 
diagnose many liver affections. 

ICTERUS. 
Give the synonyms. 

Jaundice; the yellows. 

Define icterus. 

This is merely a symptom of some disease of the liver, and is 
characterized by a yellow condition of the visible mucous membrane 
due to the reabsorption of bile pigment into the blood. 

How may jaundice be divided ? 

Icterus may be divided into two large groups: (1) the hepat- 
ogenous form (due to obstruction of the ducts) and (2) the hcemato' 
genous form (the non-obstructive form). 

What are the causes of jaundice ? 

The hepatogenous form may be caused by foreign bodies within 
the ducts (parasites, calculi), inflammation of the duodenum or 
membrane of the duct, stricture of the duct, tumors causing 
pressure. 

The hcematogenous form may be caused by drugs, poisons, etc., 
producing necrosis of the liver-cells or causing a greater destruction 
of the red blood-cells. 



198 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What are the symptoms ? 

The conjunctiva or the sclerotic coat of the eye assumes a yel- 
lowish color, which varies in density; in the human subject the 
skin becomes yellow, which may be occasionally seen in the lower 
animals, especially those that are light colored. There may be 
certain cutaneous lesions, such as lichen, urticaria, and the like, 
present in some cases. The secretions are colored with bile pig- 
ment. The urine may contain pigment, which can be discovered 
by means of Gmelin's test and other tests for bile. In these cases 
very little, if any, bile passes into the intestines, and for this reason 
the faces are clay colored and pasty. Constipation is present in 
most cases. The pulse may become slow, and in some cases there 
may be certain cerebral symptoms, such as delirium or coma. 

The symptoms of non-obstructive jaundice are obscure. 

What is the treatment ? 

We look for the trouble causing this symptom and treat it. 
Keep up the action of the kidneys by diuretics. Unload the portal 
system by purgatives, especially salines. 

HYPEREMIA OF THE LIVER. 

Give the synonyms. 

Congestion of the liver; hepatic hyperaemia. 

Give the definition. 

This may be defined to be an increased amount of blood in 
the arteries or in the veins of the liver. 

Name the forms. 

There are two forms, the active and the passive. 

Define each. 

Active hepatic hypercemia is where there is an increased amount 
of blood in the arterial system of the liver. 

This condition is seen temporarily as a physiological condi- 
tion after each meal, caused by the rapid absorption by the portal 
vessels. By persistently over-feeding this congestion may be made 
to cause functional disturbance. The symptoms of this form are 
not well defined. 

Passive hepatic congestion of the liver is where there is a dam- 
ming back of blood in the venous system. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 199 

This is more common and is caused by an increased pressure 
in the efferent vessels or sub-lobular branches of the hepatic veins. 
It may be caused also by diseases of the valves of the heart; it may 
be associated with pulmonary emphysema, tumors, and the like. 

What is the morbid anatomy ? 

The liver is enlarged, of a deep red color, and firm to the feel. 
The hepatic vessels are engorged, especially the central vein of 
each lobule. On section, a mottled appearance is shown, due to a 
congestion of the hepatic vessels and an ansmia of the portal vessels. 

What are the symptoms ? 

There may be symptoms of gastro-intestinal catarrh, along 
with a yellowish condition of the mucous membrane, the faeces are 
clay colored and the urine contains bile pigment. Seldom do we 
diagnose this condition. 

If diagnosed, what is the treatment ? 

Careful attention to the diet and the use of saline purgatives 
may be beneficial. If the cause is known, remove it. In chronic 
cases, moderate exercise. 

HEPATITIS. 

Name the forms. 

Parenchymatous hepatitis and interstitial hepatitis. 

ACUTE PARENCHYMATOUS HEPATITIS. 

What is the synonym ? 

Acute hepatitis; suppurative hepatitis. 

Define this form. 

This is an acute inflammation of the tissue proper (hepatic 
cells) of the liver, often proceeding on to suppuration, which may 
be either circumscribed or difl'used. 

Although somewhat rare in the horse, it may occur in hot 
climates and in old horses. 

What symptoms are shown ? 

It commences with a chill, followed by fever; pain on pressure 
over the region of the liver (not well marked in the horse), jaundice, 
constipation, and possibly colicky pains. The symptoms are not 



200 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

positive. A peculiar symptom said to be shown is lameness in the 
ofl: fore extremity. These cases may end in suppuration, and on 
post-mortem pus is found. 

Outline the indications for treatment. 

The treatment is symptomatic and sustaining. 
The drugs to be used are quinine, salicylic acid, alcohol, 
aromatic spirits of ammonia, calomel, saline purgatives. 

CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER. 

Give the synonyms. 

Sclerosis; interstitial hepatitis. 

Give the definition. 

This is a chronic inflammation of the interstitial tissue of 
the liver, characterized by a gradual destruction of the liver-cells 
due to an overgrowth of connective-tissue elements pressing on 
them and causing the organ to become hard and usually small. 

What is the aetiology? 

This is associated with chronic heart disease and diseases of 
the lungs, which produces a constant venous congestion of the liver, 
causing the central cells of the liver lobules to atrophy from an 
increase of the connective tissue which takes place. In rickets 
there is an enlargement of the liver with an increase in the con- 
nective tissue surrounding the individual lobules; in old horses 
it may be due to faulty feeding (over-feeding). Melanotic tumors 
are often found in the liver, especially in gray horses. 

What is the morbid anatomy ? 

The liver is usually smaller, the edges are sharper, the organ 
is hard and difficult to tear. 

The liver is roughened externally, and for this reason it has 
received the name of hob-nail liver in the human subject. 

It is also called gin-drinkers' liver, because it is generally due 
to the abuse of alcohol. 

What is the treatment? 

Limit the diet, which should be easily digested and assimilated. 
Saline purgatives to relieve the congestion. 
Internally, potassium iodide, potassium nitrate, colchicum, 
digitalis. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 201 

AMYLOID LIVER. 

Give the synonyms. 

Waxy liver; lardaceous liver. 

What is the morbid anatomy ? 

This is often seen following long standing suppuration, either 
of the lungs or of bones. The amyloid liver is large, and is solid, 
firm, resistant. On section it is anaemic and has a semi-translucent 
and infiltrated appearance. If a solution of iodine be applied, the 
infiltrated areas assume a rich mahogany brown color. There are 
no characteristic symptoms of this condition, and it is only of in- 
terest on post-mortem examination. 

In these cases, where the liver is large, we should be careful 
not to mistake it for a case of leucocythaemia; in the latter disease 
examine the blood. 

What is the treatment? 

There are no specifics. 

Calcium phosphate, iodide of iron, ammonium chloride, tonics, 
etc., are indicated. 

FATTY LIVER. 
Give the synonym. 

Jecur adiposum. 

What are the forms? 

There are two forms of fatty liver, fatty infiltration and fatty 
degeneration. 

Define each. 

Fatty infiltration occurs in normal livers, since the cells always 
contain minute globules of oil. In this condition there is an over- 
abundance of fat in the cells. 

In fatty degeneration, which is less common, the substance of 
the liver-cells is destroyed, and fat takes its place. 

What are the causes? 

Fatty liver may occur in an animal that is fat, in which case 
the liver seems to act as a storehouse of the excessive amount of 
fat. It may occur where the oxidation processes are interfered with, 
as in anaemia. Certain poisons, as phosphorus, produce fatty de- 
generation with a destruction of the liver-cells. 



202 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

The fatty liver is uniformly increased in size, is smooth, blood- 
less, and looks pale or yellowish; on section, it is dry and the surface 
of the knife is greasy. The organ may weigh more, but its specific 
gravity is less, and it may float in water. 

Give the symptoms. 

These are not definite. Jaundice may be present in some 
cases. The stools may be light colored. Horses subject to colic 
or those that show colicky pains at varying intervals often have 
fatty livers. 

Outline the treatment. 

Moderate exercise, limited diet, with occasional saline pur- 
gatives, diuretics, or diaphoretics. 



7. DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN. 

It is rare to find diseases of this organ in our animals. Its 
functions are somewhat obscure, and it being situated out of our 
reach we are unable to tell its condition. Most all of its affec- 
tions are, however, usually secondary. 

The organ may, however, become congested, inflamed; it may 
contain new growths, or, again, it may rupture. 

Emboli are here found. 



SPLENITIS. 

Define splenitis. 

This is an inflammation of the spleen, and is rare in the horse, 
being more frequent in the bovine race. 

The spleen may become enlarged, which is often interesting 
on post mortem; as in glanders, leucocythaemia, tuberculosis. 

It may become enlarged during certain fevers, also in con- 
junction with certain diseases of the liver; in the human subject, 
in malarial fever. 

Amyloid degeneration may take place. 

What is the treatment? 

Ascertain the cause and treatment of affection with which it 
is associated. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 203 



8. DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS. 

This organ is commonly called sweet-bread, or the abdominal 
salivary gland. 

PANCREATITIS. 

What is pancreatitis? 

This is an inflammation of the pancreas, and may be acute 
or chronic, or may be parenchymatous or interstitial. 

The principal symptoms recorded are more or less fever, gen- 
eral emaciation, and the expulsion of fatty excrementitious sub- 
stances. 

There is nothing positive upon which to make a diagnosis of 
affections of this organ. 

What is the treatment? 

It is symptomatic. 



SECTION VI. 
DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 

DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS. 

CIRCULATOKY DISTURBANCES. 

RENAL HYPEREMIA. 

What is the synonym ? 

Congestion of the kidneys. 

Define the condition. 

This is a condition where there is an increased amount of 
blood in the vessels of the kidney. 

Name the forms. 

There are two forms — active or arterial congestion, and passive^ 
venous, mechanical, or chronic congestion. 

Give the causes. 

Active hyper.emia is caused by traumatism, by exposure to 
wet or changeable weather, certain drugs, as cantharides, turpentine, 
potassium nitrate, carbolic acid, etc.; then, again, irritating urine, 
paralysis of the vasomotor nerves of the kidneys, certain bacteria 
and poisons which cause infectious diseases. 

Passive congestion is the result of, or dependent on, diseases 
of the heart, such as diseases of the valves, diseases of the lungs in- 
terfering with the circulation; pressure on renal veins by tumors, 
or in pregnancy or from the presence of thrombi. 

What symptoms are most prominent ? 

7w the active form, the animal may be dull, but there is little 
or no fever, frequent urination, the urine being high colored and 
containing traces of blood, a large amount of albumin and having 
a high specific gravity. 

204 



DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 205 

In passive congestion, the symptoms are about the same as 
above, except being more chronic and associated with cardiac dis- 
ease. The quantity of urine is not much diminished, the specific 
gravity very slightly altered, traces of albumin, and on microscopical 
examination hyaline casts may he seen. 

Give the treatment. 

Stimulate the skin and kidneys; use hot fomentations over 
that region. 

A drastic purgative should be given, produce sweating, and 
allow plenty of drinking-water, with the addition of flaxseed or 
mucilage. 

Camphor, digitalis, nitroglycerine, morphine, and potassium 
iodide are among the drugs indicated. 

To reduce the quantity of blood in the organs increase the 
heart's action or cause a dilatation of the capillaries. 

NEPHEITIS. 

What are the forms? 

Parenchymatous nephritis and interstitial nephritis, each of 
which may run an acute or chronic course. These cases are rare in 
the horse, or else they are overlooked. 

ACUTE NEPHEITIS. 

Give the synonyms. 

Acute parenchymatous nephritis; acute tubular nephritis; 
acute Bright's disease; acute diffuse nephritis. 

Give the definition. 

Acute diffuse nephritis is an inflammation of the epithelial, 
vascular, and intertubular (stroma) tissues. 

What is the aetiology? 

It occurs both as a primary and secondary disease, and may 
be caused by exposure to cold, wet weather, or by certain drugs, as 
turpentine, chlorate of potash, carbolic acid, arsenic, phosphorus. 

Pregnancy from pressure may be a cause; also poisons of spe- 
cific fevers. 

Again, it may be associated with such diseases as peritonitis, 
dysentery, septicaBmia, meningitis, pneumonia, etc. 



206 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What is the morbid anatomy ? 

The cortical portion of the kidney is swollen and congested, 
pressing on the tubules and pyramids, which become reddened and 
congested, and in some cases producing capillary hemorrhage into 
the pelvis. 

Under the microscope, the Malpighian bodies are prominent, 
being swollen and congested. Epithelial casts may be seen from 
the tubules. 

Give the symptoms of acute nephritis. 

If due to exposure, the symptoms are sudden. Chills with 
slight fever may be present. The principal symptoms are referable 
to the urine, which may be diminished in the beginning, high-col- 
ored, containing blood, albumin, and casts of the tubes. 

On standing, a heavy deposit is noticed; the microscope shows 
blood corpuscles, epithelium from the tubes and urinary passages, 
together with casts, which are hyaline. 

Anaemia is an important symptom; dropsy is present, which 
may be slight or extensive; the pulse is hard, the skin dry; there 
is a rigidity of the back and a stiffness of gait, pain on pressure over 
the lumbar region, whether that pressure be exerted externally 
or per rectum. 

How is the diagnosis made? 

These cases are rare, but when present the symptoms should 
be sufficient to enable a diagnosis to be made. 

What is the prognosis ? 

This varies with the symptoms presented and whether it be 
primary or secondary. Death may occur in a few days or weeks, 
or recovery take place within a month or two. 

Outline the treatment in acute nephritis. 

Perfect rest is essential. Blankets and bandages to aid in pro- 
ducing sweating, which is of the utmost importance. 

Plenty of water should be given the animal to drink to wash 
out the kidneys. 

Purges and diaphoretics are to be used to give as much rest 
to the kidneys as possible. 

Treat the other symptoms as they arise, and if the disease be 
secondary look after the disease with which this affection is asso- 
ciated. The diuretics to be used are principally digitalis and stro- 



DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 207 

phanthus. Potassium iodide may also be of service, especially if 
dropsy be present. 

If anaemia is present give iron, tonics, etc., to build up the 
system. 

If the animal be uneasy, bromides, chloral hydrate, or opium 
may be of service. 

CHRONIC NEPHRITIS. 

What are the forms? 

There are two forms — chronic parenchymatous nephritis and 
chronic interstitial nephritis. The former is not very common and 
not so important as the latter. 

CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS. 

What are the synonyms? 

Contracted kidney; cirrhosis of the kidney; granular kidney. 

Define the same. 

This is a chronic inflammation of the connective tissue of the 
kidney, causing pressure on the secreting structures of that organ 
with an impairment of function. 

Give the causes. 

It is rare in the horse. It may be caused by continued ex- 
posures, overwork, or abuse; a highly nervous temperament is pre- 
disposing. Continued elimination of microbes and toxines by the 
kidneys. 

What is the morbid anatomy ? 

The kidneys are small, the capsule thickened and adherent, 
and in stripping it off, portions of the substance of the kidney 
are removed. 

On section, the organ is tough, the cortical substance very 
thin, the Malphigian bodies and the tubal structures atrophy from 
the overproduction of connective tissue which presses on these 
structures. 

What symptoms may be shown ? 

The symptoms are vague in the horse. The urine is increased 
in amount, is a clear yellow, does not contain sediment, and the 
solid constituents of the urine are diminished. 



208 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

The pulse is usually hard, its tension is increased, this being 
caused by the obstruction in the kidneys requiring the heart to exert 
more force to overcome the obstruction. 

Thirst is prominent, irregular appetite and digestion, skin hot 
and dry, unless dropsy is a complication. 

What can be done in these cases? 

If a diagnosis can be made, treat symptomatically, as the dis- 
ease itself is incurable. 

Watch the bowels and skin, keeping them in the best possible 
condition. 

Potassium iodide, iodide of iron, small doses of mercury bi- 
chloride (the latter being supposed to prevent the formation of 
new connective tissue) are among the drugs indicated. 

PYELITIS. 

What is pyelitis? 

This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pelvis 
and calices of the kidney. Pyonephrosis is pus in the pelvis of the 
kidney. 

What are the causes ? 

It is rarely a primary disease; it is usually secondary to me- 
chanical irritation from calculi or the result of an extension of in- 
flammation from some of the neighboring parts. Some cases of 
microorganisms produce this condition. 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

It may be made mostly by a microscopical examination of the 
urine, by the presence of epithelium from the pelvis of the kidney, 
together with blood-cells and mucus, and in the more advanced 
stages possibly pus. 

What can be done for these cases? 

Rest for the animal, free access to drink, and a restricted diet. 

The drugs to be used are potassium nitrate, quinine, together 
with internal antiseptics. 

Hot fomentations or blisters over the region of the kidneys 
may be useful. 

Define perinephritis. 

This is an inflammation of the capsule and cellular tissue sur- 
rounding the kidneys. 



i 



DISEASES OF THE URINAKY SYSTEM. 209 

What is hydronephrosis ? 

This condition is also called hydrops renum, and is an accu- 
mulation of non-purulent fluids, the result of obstruction, causing 
a dilatation of the pelvis and calices of the kidney, with atrophy 
of its substance. 

What may cause dropsy of the kidney ? 

It may be caused by pressure from tumors, calculi, blood-clots, 
parasites, etc., blocking up the ureters and producing the accumu- 
lation of fluid in the pelves of the kidneys. This condition is 
dilhcult to diagnose. 

Define nephroptosis. 

This is called floating-kidney, and is a condition due to the 
kidney breaking loose from its position, being normally held by its 
capsule, by the peritoneum, and by blood-vessels. It is rare and 
only interesting to us on post mortem. 

What is meant by nephrolithiasis ? 

By this is understood a formation in the kidney or its pelvis 
by the deposition of certain of the solid constituents of the urine. 

THE URINE. 

What are the physical properties of the urine ? 

It is more or less transparent, of a yellowish color, is alkaline,^ 
neutral, or acid in reaction, has a strong and peculiar odor, and a 
specific gravity varying from 1020 to 1060, 

Describe and give some of the normal constituents of 
the urine. 

Normal constituents are the result of tissue changes taking 
place in the body. 

The inorganic constituents are principally sodium, potassium, 
calcium, and magnesium (carbonates, chlorides, sulphates, etc.). 

The organic constituents are chiefly urea, uric acid, hippuric 
acid, etc, coloring matters and extractives. 

What changes may take place in disease ? 

Abnormally, there may be an increase in the normal constitu- 
ents or they may be present abnormal substances. These changes 
cause alterations in the quantity, color, odor, reaction, specific 
gravity, etc. 



210 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

How may the quantity of urine be altered ? 

The quantity may be increased (polyuria); diminished (fevers). 
When the animal perspires freely the amount of urine is less, and 
more when the skin is chilled. 

What variations in the color and odor may be noticed ? 

The color may be changed, being dark brown or black in 
azoturia, smoky red or brown when it contains blood, milky when 
it contains pus, greenish or reddish brown from the presence of bile. 
In other cases, when the coloring matter is lessened, the urine is 
lighter in color. 

The odor may be very strong, have the odor of ammonia or be 
otherwise peculiar. 

What is the reaction of the urine of the horse ? 

The reaction of the urine of the horse varies with the kind of 
food. It is usually alkaline, except in the suckling foal and an ani- 
mal starving, when it becomes acid. 

In disease, a change is apt to occur, the reaction varying with 
the individual case. 

How may the reaction be determined ? 

To determine the reaction it must be done soon after the urine 
is voided, as changes are apt to take place. 

If the reaction be alkaline, it is necessary to ascertain whether 
it is " fixed " or " volatile." Hang a piece of red litmus paper, that 
has been partly moistened with the urine, in the air to dry; if, when 
dry, the blue color remains, then it is due to a -fi:ced alkali (phos- 
phates or carbonates); while if the red color returns, then a volatile 
alkali (ammonia). 

Add hydrochloric acid in excess to the urine in a test-tube and 
warm; if effervescence, the carbonates cause the alkalinity; if not, 
the phosphates. 

What changes may occur in the specific gravity? 

The specific gravity may be altered, being high when the quan- 
tity passed is diminished: in fevers, diabetes mellitus, when bile is 
present, or when the solids are increased. 

It is low when the quantity is increased, as after large draughts 
of water, in polyuria, when albumin is present, or when there is 
deficiency in solids. 



DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 211 

Name some important substances found in disease. 

Some of the normal constituents may be abnormally increased, 
as urea, etc., phosphates, chlorides, etc.; in other cases, albumin, 
bile, blood, sugar, pus, epithelial casts may be present. 

How are you to proceed to examine the urine ? 

If possible collect all the urine passed during the twenty-four 
hours and take a sample of the mixture. 

Note carefully all the physical properties, and then test for 
special substances. 

Give a test for the phosphates. 

The earthy or alkaline phosphates are discovered by heating 
a quantity of urine in a test-tube, when a cloudy appearance is 
presented; this milky appearance disappears on the addition of 
acetic or nitric acid. 

How may albumin be discovered in the urine? 

Heat to boiling some urine in a test-tube; a milky appearance 
shows the presence of alhumin, provided it does not disappear on 
the addition of nitric acid. 

What is the test for bile ? 

Heat till yellow some nitric acid containing small pieces of 
wood, and then cool; now float some urine on the cold acid. If 
bile pigments are present, a green band forms at the junction which 
shades into blue, red, violet, yellow (Gmelin's test). 

Give the test for urea. 

If the urine contains urea in excess, the rhombic-shaped crys- 
tals of the nitrate of urea separate, when nitric acid is added to a 
cold concentrated solution of urine. This is best appreciated by 
using a thin layer on a plate or watch-glass. 

How may blood be discovered? 

If the urine is red, smoky, or dark in color, suspect the pres- 
ence of Uood. 

1. Heat, about to boiling, alkaline urine to which potassium 
hydrate has been previously added, and a red precipitate is produced. 

2. Mix oil of turpentine and tincture of guaiae; now add as 
much urine as the mixture, shake carefully, and after a time a 
hluish or greenish color on top shows the presence of blood. 



212 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

The presence of sugar is how ascertained ? 

The urine is generally pale in color, the specific gravity high, 
and is more or less permanently frothy when shaken. 

Before testing the urine for sugar the albumin should be first 
separated by rendering the urine very slightly acid with acetic acid, 
heating, and filtering. 

Give test for sugar. 

1. Take equal volumes of urilie and liquor potassae and heat; 
if sugar be present, a yellow to a hrown color is presented, varying 
according to the amount of sugar. 

The odor of molasses is observed on the addition of nitric acid 
(Moore's test). This should not be relied on altogether, so that other 
tests should be made. 

2. Heat to boiling a drachm or two of Fehling's solution in a 
test-tube; no change should take place. Now add the urine to be 
tested, drop by drop, and if sugar be present a green color is pre- 
sented, together with a yellow or red precipitate of cuprous oxide 
(Fehling's test). 

Other tests may be resorted to, as Trommer's test, Boettger's 
test, the fermentation test, etc. 

Give a test for the presence of the chlorides in the urine. 

Silver nitrate gives a white precipitate, which becomes dark if 
exposed to the light. The precipitate is soluble in ammonium 
hydrate, but insoluble in nitric acid. 

How may pus be detected ? 

If pus be present it can best be detected by the use of the 
microscope. By the addition of acetic acid the numerous nuclei 
of the pus-cells are made distinct, so that mistakes ought not to 
be made. 

In all cases when pus is present in the urine albumin is also 
'present. 

What kind of casts may be found in the urine ? 

Epithelial casts, hyaline easts, granular casts, blood casts, fatty 
casts. 



DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 213 



HEMATURIA. 

What is understood by haematuria? 

This is a condition or symptom of some disease, characterized 
by the presence of blood in the urine. 

Give the causes of haematuria. 

This may be associated with purpura hsemorrhagica, hemo- 
philia, leucocythaemia, the specific fevers, etc., or it may be caused 
by parasites, stone in the kidney, certain drugs, traumatic injuries. 

How is haematuria diagnosed? 

It can be easily diagnosed by the smoky or bright red color 
of the urine, by finding red blood-cells by the use of the micro- 
scope, by the testing of the urine for blood, or by the use of the 
spectroscope. 

If the blood comes from kidneys, it is well mixed with the 
urine, or may be in clots; from the bladder, it is found at the end 
of the act of urination; from the urethra, the blood comes just 
before the urine. 

Give the prognosis. 

This depends on the cause, extent, and location of the seat 
of hemorrhage, whether from the kidneys, bladder, urethra. 

What are the indications for treatment? 

Look for the cause and the seat of hemorrhage and treat 
accordingly. 

Hfemastatics are indicated, together with cold to the region 
of the kidneys. 

Stimulants, tonics, good food, etc., are usually required to 
overcome the weakness caused by the loss of blood. 



PYURIA. 
Define pyuria. 

By pyuria is understood a condition with the presence of pus 
in the urine. 



214 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Give the causes. 

It may be associated with pyelitis, pyelonephritis, C3-stitis, 
urethritis, leueorrhoea, or abscesses rupturing into the urinary 
passages. 

What is the treatment? 

Look for the cause and location and treat the case as is required. 



ANURIA. 

Give the definition. 

By this is meant a total suppression of urine from any cause. 

What may cause this condition? 

In renal congestion where the urine is not formed; calculi 
blocking the ureters; various poisons; collapse after injuries or 
operations; nervous irritation. 

What symptoms may arise ? 

This condition is somewhat rare, although the laity call our 
attention to it quite frequently in cases of colic or enteritis. 

It is seen in spinal meningitis and azoturia, and also tem- 
porarily in colics due to spasm. 

What can be done for these cases? 

Purges, diuretics, diaphoretics, antispasmodics, according to 
the indications. 

Locally, hot applications, blisters, or liniments to the loins. 

Catheterization should be resorted to, and, if necessary, con- 
tinued once or twice a day. 

INCONTINENCE OF URINE. 

What is understood by this condition ? 

This is the opposite of the foregoing and characterized by 
more or less constant dribbling of the urine. 

Give the aetiology. 

It may be caused by injury to the spinal cord or some irritation 
to that part or other nervous mechanism connected with these 
structures, which causes the urine to dribble away as fast as it is 
Becreted. 



DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 215 

Outline the treatment. 

The drugs indicated are principally belladonna or strychnine, 
the former being given until its physiological limit is reached. 
Moderate exercise may be of benefit in some cases. 



CYSTITIS. 

Give the definition. 

This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the 
bladder. 

What may cause the same ? 

Mechanical injuries, certain drugs or chemicals; it may be of 
specific origin or it may be an extension from some adjacent 
inflammation. 

What symptoms are presented ? 

The urine is opaque, may contain shreds of mucous mem- 
brane, pus-cells, and sometimes blood. 

By a rectal examination it may be possible in some cases to 
find the walls of the bladder thickened. 

What treatment can be employed? 

Wash out the bladder with antiseptic solutions, as boric acid, 
quinine, bichloride of mercury. 

The animal requires rest, flaxseed-tea or other mucilaginous 
drinks. 

The drugs indicated are belladonna, hyoscyamus, morphine by 
the mouth or in suppositories. 



SECTION VII. 
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 

Diseases of this system no doubt occur much more frequently 
than veterinarians suppose; they are probably overlooked in many 
cases, owing to the deep situation of the heart, the thickness of the 
skin, the presence of large muscles, and the difficulty of obtaining 
results from the physical signs, and to otherwise examine the heart. 

The average number of pulsations per minute are (as stated 
elsewhere) 36 to 40. 

The number of beats normally varies with the temperament, 
age, work, etc. In the country, where quiet prevails, the number 
of beats per minute is less and the arteries are more full, whereas 
in cities the animals are called upon to do more rapid work, which 
causes the number of heart-beats to be increased. 

PEEICARDITIS. 

What are the forms? 

Pericarditis may be acute or chronic. 

ACUTE PERICARDITIS. 

Define acute pericarditis. 

It is an acute fibrinous inflammation of the pericardium and 
is characterized by fever and a very rapid pulse. 

Give the aetiology. 

It may exist as an independent disease, but it is usually sec- 
ondary to such diseases as pneumonia, pleurisy, purpura hsemor- 
rhagica, and certain of the infectious diseases. 

What is the pathology? 

The pathology is about the same as serous membranes in other 
situations; for study, three stages are recognized: 

216 



DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 217 

First stage, or stage of hypermmia, congestion, or engorgement ; 
second stage, or the stage of exudation and effusion; third stage, or 
the stage of absorption. 

There is a dryness of the membrane, which is congested; soon 
an exudation of lymph scattered in patches takes place, which 
gives the dry, shaggy appearance, and is called dry pericarditis. 

Then an effusion of a sero-fibrinous fluid is presented, with 
fiocculi floating in it and at times mixed with blood; the serous 
effusion accumulates at the base of the heart, where the folds of 
the membrane are loose, and as it increases in amount it runs down 
and pulls the pericardium. 

What becomes of these products ? 

The watery parts may be absorbed, the fibrine undergo fatty 
degeneration, or become organized and form false membranes and 
bind the heart to the pericardial sac. 

What are the symptoms ? 

It is generally preceded by a chill, followed by symptoms of 
fever; the skin becomes hot, there is dryness and redness of the 
visible mucous membranes, and a very high temperature. 

The principal symptoms are connected with the circulation 
of the blood; the pulse is hard and very quick, it often being 100 
per minute, and it is very rare in the beginning of any other 
affection to get so rapid a pulse. 

Give the physical signs. 

On percussion, in the early stages, no change, while during 
the stage of effusion, cardiac dulness is enlarged. 

Auscultation should give some valuable results; early, when 
the membrane is dry and reddened, a friction sound may be heard 
and at the same time as the beat of the heart or the pulse, and 
not influenced by breathing. 

It is often hard to tell whether the sound is intra- or extra- 
pericardial. It may be a pleuritic sound, which is more commonly 
heard. 

During the stage of effusion, auscultation shows the friction 
sound being lost (as the effusion accumulates) on account of the 
layers becoming separated; the heart sounds less distinct or absent, 
and during the third stage the heart sounds are more distinct and 
the friction sound returns. 



218 PKACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

This affection, as well as many others of the heart, requires 
a good deal of study and attention in the equine to make a diagnosis. 

It may be diagnosed by an increased dulness of area on per- 
cussion, the friction sound heard at the same time as the pulse beats, 
by the rapidity of the heart's action being greater than in any other 
disease, and by the area of dulness being less than that of pleurisy. 

What disease might especially be taken for pericarditis ? 

Pleurisy. 

How can you make a differential diagnosis ? 

In pericarditis the area of dulness is limited, whereas in 
pleurisy it is greater. 

On auscultation, the friction sound in pericarditis is limited 
to the area of the heart, and is heard at the same time as the pulse- 
beats, whereas in pleurisy it is usually over a larger area and has 
no connection with the pulse. Pericarditis often follows pleurisy. 

Give the prognosis. 

If the disease is very intense, the animal generally dies in a 
few days from shock; other cases get well, the exudation becoming 
absorbed, but the heart may remain weak for some time; still other 
cases linger along and die from oedema of the lungs, while still 
others die from cardiac paralysis. 

Give the treatment. 

Perfect rest is essential. The early use of sedatives, as aconiie 
or veratrum, to reduce the heart's action and relieve the symptoms. 
Opium is one of the best to keep the heart quiet and free from pain; 
if this does not act well it may be assisted by small doses of chloral. 

Mustard and other irritants are contra-indicated in the early 
stages; warm applications are the best, as blankets rung out of 
fairly hot water placed over the parts, with a dry blanket over that; 
in some cases cold over the heart region is recommended. In the 
human subject, hot poultices are used, or an oil-silk jacket, which 
is excellent in horses. 

Quinine is indicated in most all cases; after the acute symp- 
toms have subsided, and to obviate heart failure, digitalis may be 
indicated, which also has a diuretic effect. Alkalies, as ammonium 
carbonate, potassium nitrate, often are used along with digitalis. 



DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 219 

In the human subject the liquor ammonia acetatis and potassium 
carbonate are used with good results. 

After the fever is gone, and an effusion is suspected, use iodide 
of potassium; also blisters externally at this time. In man they 
often tap, but it cannot accomplish any good in the horse. 

ENDOCAEDITIS. 

What are the forms ? 

Acute and chronic endocarditis. 

Define each. 

Acute endocarditis is an acute inflammation of the lining 
membrane of the heart and that forming the valves, and character- 
ized by a loss of continuity or substance in the tissue of the valves 
and by the presence of vegetations. 

Chronic endocarditis is a chronic inflammation of the lining 
membrane, characterized by a hardening, thickening, puckering, 
and deformity of the lining membrane and valve substance. 

Give the aetiology. 

Endocarditis is seldom diagnosed in the horse during life. 

It is rarely a primary disease, it being secondary to rheu- 
matism (which is rare in the horse), to pericarditis, to pleurisy, 
to erysipelas, to laminitis, to chorea; it may be caused by infection, 
cold, and traumatisms. 

What are the symptoms ? 

It is secondary as a rule, and the symptoms are obscure in 
the horse. 

In man this condition is diagnosed by the physical signs and 
the history of the case, and even then is difficult in many cases. 

What is the pathological anatomy? 

The membrane becomes reddened, followed by an opaque con- 
dition, and often the epithelial layer is raised and lost, and the 
membrane becomes rough, and in these places the fibrine coagulates 
in patches or layers, which patches or layers are often washed off 
into the circulation and form emboli, which go to the liver and 
the spleen (rarely to the lungs), and there form abscesses. 

The tendency is to the formation of vegetations; these warts 
or vegetations found on the valves are hardened connective tissue 



220 PEACTICE OE EQUINE MEDICINE. 

at the base and at tlie apex are cellular growths. This produces 
a thickening and a contraction of the valve, and when the heart 
contracts the blood is forced back. 

What is the treatment if the disease is diagnosed ? 

There is not much to be done; perfect rest is important. 

The following drugs can be given, according to the indica- 
tions: digitalis, aconite, salicylates, potassium iodide, and stimu- 
lants in some cases. 



MYOCAEDITIS. 

Define myocarditis. 

It is an inilammation of the muscular structure of the heart. 

This condition cannot be appreciated in the horse, but it fre- 
quently occurs in the ox tribe from traumatisms, and can be diag- 
nosed in these animals. 



CARDIAC HYPEETEOPHY. 

What is the synonym ? 

Hypertrophy of the heart. 

Define this condition. 

This is an enlargement or increase of the muscular tissue 
forming the walls of the heart, with or without alterations in the 
size of the cavities. 

Name the forms. 

There are three forms of cardiac hypertrophy: (1) simple 
CAKDIAC HYPERTROPHY, where the walls are increased in thick- 
ness, there being no change in the size of the cavities; (2) eccentric 
CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY (hypertrophy with dilatation), where the 
walls are thickened and the cavities enlarged; (3) concentric 
CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY, where the walls are increased and the cavi- 
ties are smaller; this form is now considered to be a post-mortem 
condition. 

What is the pathology? 

The normal capacity of the heart is about one to one and a 

quarter pints, its average weight being six and three-quarter pounds. 

For convenience, we may say that its long diameter is ten and 



DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 221 

one-half inches, the antero-posterior diameter seven and one-half 
inches, and its lateral diameter five and one-half inches. 

Before examining the heart as regards dimensions, soak it in 
water so as to relax it. 

In hypertrophy, the muscular substance looks darker and is 
more resisting, it being harder and more like fibrous tissue. 

There may be fatty degeneration, in which case the muscle is 
lighter in color and easily torn. 

The heart often weighs twice as much as normal; it has been 
found to weigh fourteen pounds (in Eclipse), or more. 

The apex is broader in these cases. 

How is this caused ? 

It may be due to diseases of the valves, altered innervation, 
adhesions of the pericardium, any interference with the pulmonary 
circulation, narrowing of the openings, prolonged muscular exer- 
tion, contractions or diseases of the arteries or capillaries. 

Give the symptoms of cardiac hypertrophy. 

Dyspnoea is often present as the first symptom. 

There are often symptoms of a passive congestion of the lungs, 
which are apt to take place in these cases and cause the dyspnoea. 

There is an increased impulse to the heart, it usually being 
more bounding and full. 

What are the physical signs ? 

On palpation, the impulse is more forcible, the pulse is full 
and slow; on percussion, the area of dulness is found to be in- 
creased in size; on auscultation, the sounds may present no special 
change, except the first sound, which may be dull and prolonged. 

Give the indications for treatment. 

Eest, with any of the following drugs, according to indications: 
digitalis, aconite, veratrum viride, iodide of potassium, camphor, 
ether, caffeine. 

CAEDIAC DILATATION. 

Give the definition. 

Dilatation of the heart is an increase in the size of one or 
more of the cavities of the heart, with or without thickening of 
the walls. 



222 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What are the forms ? 

There are two forms recognized, one being dilatation with 
thickening, and the other dilatation with thinning. 

Give the aetiology. 

Weakening in the walls of the cavities, together with increased 
pressure, are the main factors in producing dilatation. 

Changes in the heart muscle, adhesions of the pericardial sac, 
increased amount of blood in the heart, excessive work, valvular 
disease, and lung diseases are among the causes of dilatation. 

What is the morbid anatomy? 

Dilatation is more frequently present in the right side of the 
heart and is usually associated with hypertrophy of one or more 
of the cavities. Great distention causes an incompetency of the 
valves, thus allowing regurgitation. 

The endocardium may be opaque, especially in the auricles, 
and marked alterations are shown by the use of the microscope. 

Give the symptoms and physical signs. 

A dropsical condition may be the result in some cases, the 
pulse becomes weak and rapid, the breathing difficult, and signs of 
obstructed venous circulation are present. 

On percussion, the area of dulness is increased, a condition 
very difficult to determine in the horse. 

On auscultation, the first sound is shorter and sharper, some- 
what resembling the second sound. 

Give the indications for treatment. 

In some cases stimulants, as ammonia or alcohol; digitalis is 
especially indicated in dilatation; strophanthus may be used as a 
substitute for digitalis. Other drags indicated are iron, arsenic, 
strychnine, morphine. Purges in some cases. Avoid over-exertion 
and give concentrated food. 



CAEDIAC PALPITATION. 

Give the synonyms. 

Palpitation of the heart; irritable heart. 



DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 223 

Define this condition. 

This may be defined to be a functional cardiac disorder, char- 
acterized by an increased frequency of the heart's action and an 
irregularity of its rhythm, which at times becomes intermittent. 

What is arrhythmia? 

This may be defined to be a condition where one or more of 
the beats of the heart are dropped {an intermittent heart). 

Define tachycardia. 

Tachycardia, or rapid heart, is where there is a rapidity of the 
heart's action, which may, in some cases, be perfectly normal. 

What is brachycardia ? 

By this is meant to be a slowness of the heart's action, and may 
be divided into physiological and pathological conditions, the latter 
being seen in convalescence from fevers, digestive disorders, diseases 
of the blood and circulation, of the nervous system, or may be due 
to toxic agents. 

What is the aetiology of palpitation of the heart ? 

Overwork, fear, excitement, kicks, blows, etc., continued di- 
gestive disorders, irritation of the cardiac ganglia, chronic liver 
troubles and the like are among the principal causes. 

What are the symptoms ? 

They vary with the intensity of the affection; it may be slight, 
there being only a fluttering of the heart, or in other cases the 
pulsations are increased, the beats are more forcible (they may or 
may not be irregular), the arteries throb, the respirations become 
difficult, and signs of great distress are present. 

The physical signs are usually negative; the sounds are clear 
and metallic on auscultation, and the shock can be obtained by 
palpation. The symptoms may last a few minutes, or, in other 
cases, an hour or so. 

How is the affection diagnosed ? 

By the absence of the physical signs of organic disease; by 
the rapidity of the action of the heart; by its irregularity of rhythm, 
and it possibly being intermittent. 



224 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What is the prognosis ? 

Usually good, although the real cause may be difficult to 
overcome. 

Outline the treatment. 

The drugs that may be given include the bromides, veratrum 
viride, valerium, camphor, chloral, asafcetida, and in some cases 
digitalis with nux vomica. Iron is useful in these cases. 

Moderate exercise and careful attention to the diet are im- 
portant. 



SECTION VIII. 
DISEASES OF THE DIAPHRAGM. 

SPASM OF THE DIAPHEAGM. 

What is the synonym ? 

Thumps; hiccoughs in man. 

Give the definition. 

This is a symptom of some affection, and consists of an inter- 
mittent and sudden contraction of the diaphragm, characterized 
by convulsive movements of the whole body, associated with a 
thumping sound, which may be heard at some distance from the 
animal, or whose shock can be felt by applying the hand to that 
region. 

What are the causes ? 

It may be the result of direct irritation to the diaphragm, cold 
drinks, colics, overloading of the stomach, inflammations, espe- 
cially those affecting the abdomen and contents; it may be caused 
by certain constitutional diseases; it may be of neurotic origin, or 
it may be produced by fast driving. 

What is the treatment? 

The treatment seems to be very unsatisfactory, but the symp- 
tom, in most cases, soon disappears. 

Among the drugs indicated are chloral hydrate, morphine, 
potassium bromide, camphor, valerium, and, in some cases, stimu- 
lants. 

EUPTUEE OF THE DIAPHEAGM. 

What may cause this condition ? 

It is occasionally a complication of flatulent colic, the gas 
causing pressure on the diaphragm, and from the animal throwing 

225 



326 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

itself down violently, or other violent movements, causes a rupture 
in this partition. 

Punctured wounds penetrating the diaphragm, or, in other 
cases, some change or weakness in the substance of the organ. 

Give the most important and constant symptoms. 

These are often indefinite and may be vague in some cases. 
Difficult breathing, intense pain at first, sitting on the haunches, 
lying on the sternum. 

Soon signs of collapse appear; a feeble and rapid pulse, ex- 
tremities which were warm become cold and are bathed in a cold 
sweat; the respirations are increased and labored, the eyes are 
staring, there is an anxious look, more or less uneasiness, and death 
in a few hours. 

Is there any treatment ? 

Try to relieve the pain by the use of opium, etc. 



«l 



1 



SECTION IX. 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

What is delirium ? 

The term delirium is difficult to define, on account of its being 
60 variously applied; in veterinary practice it is usually considered 
to be incoherent acts of an animal. 

Define hyperesthesia. 

This is a condition characterized by an exalted excitability in 
the various parts of the sensory apparatus, that is, increased 
sensation. 

What is hyperalgesia? 

It is a condition characterized by that form of pain of a part 
designated as tenderness. 

What is meant by parssthesiae ? 

By this is meant those sensations which arise centrally in the 
nerve-fibres or centres, and are sent outward toward the surface or 
periphery and recognized by consciousness; examples are pain, 
coldness, heat, constriction, distention, malposition, etc. 

Define anaesthesia. 

This is an interruption in the conducting power of sensory 
nerves characterized by a partial or complete loss of sensibility in 
areas of the skin. 

COMA. 
Define coma. 

Coma is a functional condition characterized by a state of un- 
consciousness from which the patient cannot be aroused, or is 
aroused with some difficulty. 

What is meant by carus? 

Cams signifies that state from which the patient cannot be 
aroused, and is called profound coma. 

227 



228 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What is understood by sopor? 

Sopor is a moderate coma, or a semi-comatose condition. 

How does coma differ from sleep? 

Sleep is a physiological condition, necessary to the body as a 
whole, while coma is a pathological condition not benefiting the 
system, and therefore not a substitute for sleep. 

Give the causes of coma. 

It is a symptom of certain brain diseases, and in many cases 
is due to a want of the oxygen supply to the brain substance. 

It may be seen in certain of the so-called neuroses, as epilepsy, 
etc.; also in certain diseases outside of the nervous system proper, 
as diseases of the kidneys, the liver, as well as some of the general 
diseases and certain febrile affections. 

This condition may be produced by the use of certain drugs, 
as chloroform, alcohol, opium, etc. ; also probably by toxins. 

What should be done in these cases? 

Look for the affection producing this symptom and treat it. 
When the real cause cannot be ascertained, a stimulating treat- 
ment is usually required, followed by nerve tonics. 

PAEOXYSMAL VERTIGO. 

What are the synonyms ? 

Staggers; blind staggers; dizziness; vertigo; nerve storms. 

Give the definition. 

Vertigo literally means a turning around, and may be defined to 
be a functional affection characterized by a sense of defective 
equilibrium with or without change of position. 

What are the causes ? 

Among horses this condition often occurs periodically, the 
animal in these cases being termed " fitty " ; in other cases the ani- 
mal may have an attack, and never have another. 

These attacks may be caused by some affection of the brain 
and spinal cord or of the eyes; then, again, climatic influences, as 
prolonged heat, dark, damp, and hot stables. 

It is seen in plethoric horses, especially when not exercised suffi- 
ciently, or horses used in brick-yards, where they travel in a circle; 
beinff aboard boats or cars. 



DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 229 

It may follow bleeding or the rapid delivery of a foetus, or the 
evacuation of a large quantity of exudate, as from the pleural 
cavity, or diseases of or pressure on the blood-vessels. 

Ill-fitting harness, as a tight collar or throat-latch, producing 
pressure on the jugular vein, may be a cause; then there is an 
hereditary tendency in some cases, horses that are high headed 
(star-gazers), long, narrow necks seem predisposed. 

Parasites in the blood-vessels may be a cause. 

What are the symptoms ? 

It usually occurs while the animal is hitched up; the horse 
stops suddenly, shakes the head as though there was a fly in the 
ear, trembles, and may fall down, or the attack passes off in a few 
minutes. In some cases there is a tendency to run (termed running 
staggers); this is when they are liable to do damage to themselves 
and to property. 

A second or third paroxysm may come on if driven immediately 
after the first attack. 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

By the symptoms coming on suddenly, by the condition of the 

harness, etc. 

What is the prognosis? 

It is good if no malformation or organic trouble exists. They 
are all liable to re-attacks. 

What is the treatment for vertigo ? 

During the paroxysm, keep the animal as quiet as possible 
to prevent injury to body and to property. Cold applications to 
the head are useful; bromide of sodium or potassium may be given. 

Adjust the harness. These paroxysms tend to pass away and 
the animal recovers without any treatment. The common practice 
of scarifying the roof of the mouth is not to be resorted to, as it 
does no good and may produce a serious complication of hemor- 
rhage should the palatine artery be severed. 

The after-treatment. — Bleeding from the jugular is used 
by some, but can be dispensed with in most cases unless there be 
a succession of paroxysms. A full purge of aloes and calomel is 
required, as in many cases the cause is intestinal. Then treat 
symptomatically. 

Regulate the diet, give the necessary exercise, and use harness 
that fits properly. 



230 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 



CHOKEA. 

What are the synonyms ? 

St. Vitus's Dance; insanity of muscles; twitching disease; 
stringhalt in the horse. 

Define chorea. 

This is a functional, non-febrile disease of the nervous system 
characterized by irregular clonic contractions of the voluntary mus- 
cles, giving rise to movements not under control of the patient. 

What is the morbid anatomy ? 

There are no definite lesions. Some claim the lesions are in 
the nervous system, while others say they are in the joints. 

Give the aetiology. 

The cause is unknown. It often attacks young and weakly 
subjects, although older animals are affected. It is probably due to 
some irritation of the nervous system. It may follow punctured 
wounds of the feet. 

What are the symptoms ? 

In the horse, there is twitching of the muscles of the anterior 
extremity, those about the eyes, lips, shoulders, feet, etc. 

In the posterior it has been called stringhalt; there is a 
spasmodic elevation of the extremity. 

How may stringhalt be diagnosed ? 

In the stall, by causing the animal to get from one side of the 
stall to the other, or by trotting the animal and turning around in a 
short space. This condition is to be considered an unsoundness. 

What is the prognosis ? 

Usually unfavorable as regards a cure, except it be the result 
of a punctured wound of the foot, when recovery will take place 
in the course of a week or ten days. These cases rarely terminate 
in death, but the course of the disease is somewhat slow. 

What are the indications for treatment ? 

If due to punctured wounds of the feet, it gradually disap- 
pears by exercise. In other cases, if mild, the symptoms may dis- 
appear after being driven a short distance, but return after a rest. 

The drugs indicated are the bromides, chloral, morphine, 



DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 231 

valerian, cannabis indica, asafoetida, oxide of zinc, hyoscyamus, 
belladonna, arsenic, strychnine, iron. 



CEAMP OF THE PATELLA MUSCLES. 

Give the synonym. 

Femoral cramp. 

Define this condition. 

This is a functional nervous affection of the anterior crural 
muscles principally, and characterized by tonic spasm of the 
muscles with inability to extend the leg. 

What are the causes ? 

Overwork, strains, irritability of the nervous mechanism of 
these parts are among the principal causes. No doubt it may be 
produced by toxins acting on the nerves of these parts. 

Give the symptoms. 

This condition appears suddenly, usually after standing. The 
extremity is stiffened, it appearing longer than its fellow; there 
is knuckling at the fetlock, the horse resting on the toe. It is 
difficult for the animal to back and more difficult or impossible to 
go forward ; if so, the extremity drags, the toe or fetlock dragging 
on the ground. 

What is the treatment? 

This condition, as a rule, readily yields to treatment. A 
stimulating liniment applied to the stifle and rest for a few days 
is about all required. 

In some cases a purge or laxative may be given. 

Feed on bran-mashes, grass, etc. 

CATALEPSIA. 

What are the synonyms? 

Catalepsy; hypnotism of muscles. 

Give the definition. 

This is a peculiar condition of a stiffening of the voluntary 
muscles, characterized by a loss of power to contract the said 
muscles. 



232 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

How is it diagnosed ? 

If the extremity be placed in any position it remains in that 
position. 

This is a rare affection, but the Germans claim it has existed. 

What can be done for these cases ? 

There is no treatment that can be recommended; electricity, 
massage, etc., may be tried. 

EPILEPSY. 

Give the synonyms. 

Epilepsia; fits. 

What is epilepsy? 

This is a functional nervous disesise, characterized by attacks 
of unconsciousness, with or mthout convulsions. 

This affection is commonly seen among dogs, it being rarely 
seen among the equine race. It is said to exist in stallions, but 
only a few cases are recorded. 

What are the indications for treatment ? 

Cold to the head, bromides, chloral, alcohol, Hoffmann's 
anodyne, digitalis, turpentine, ergot, tonics, etc. 

Laxatives or purgatives may be necessary and beneficial. 

CEREBRAL HYPEREMIA. 

What are the synonyms? 

Cerebral congestion; congestion of the brain. 

Define this condition. 

It is an increased amount of blood in the vessels of the brain. 

What are the forms of cerebral congestion ? 

There are two forms, viz., the active form and the passive form. 

Define active cerebral hyperaemia. 

This is where there is an increased amount of blood sent to 
the brain. 

What is passive cerebral congestion ? 

There is an increased amount of blood in the vessels of the 
brain due to some obstruction of its passage from that organ. 



DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 233 

What are the causes ? 

The active form is seen among young and plethoric animals 
which are predisposed. Heat exposure with hard work; animals 
kept in dark stables and suddenly exposed to light; certain drugs, 
as opium. Also the action of ptomaines and toxins. 

The passive form may be caused by cardiac diseases, lung dis- 
eases, blood diseases. Tight collars, etc., preventing the return 
flow of blood from the brain. 

What is the morbid anatomy? 

The brain substance, as well as the meninges, are congested 
in pronounced cases. The color varies according to whether the 
active or the passive form exists; in the former a bright red color 
is present, while in the latter it varies from a blue to a purple. 

Give the symptoms of cerebral congestion. 

The symptoms are not well defined and are not constant. 

How is the diagnosis made ? 

The cases are rare in the horse, and when they occur they are 
apt to be overlooked, as they are difficult to make out on account 
of the symptoms being vague. 

What is the prognosis ? 

Good, unless rupture of the blood-vessels occur or it be asso- 
ciated with organic disease, especially of the heart. 

What are the indications for treatment ? 

Keep the animal quiet in a box-stall with good ventilation 
(cool air). 

Act on the bowels to draw the blood from the brain. Assist 
the purge (if necessary) by enemas (stimulating). 

Locally, cold applications to the head. Some of the drugs 
indicated are belladonna, hyoscyamus, potassium bromide, aconite, 
ergot. 

CEREBEAL ANEMIA. 

Give the synonym. 

Anaemia of the brain. 

What is cerebral anaemia? 

It may be defined to be a lessened amount of blood in the 
cranial contents. 



234 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

What is the post-mortem appearance ? 

The membranes are pale, the large veins are full, the small 
ones empty. 

On section, there is an absence of bloody points, the cut sur- 
face is moist, and the substance is paler than normal. 

What are the causes ? 

It may be associated with general anaemia, in those cases com- 
ing on slowly, or it may be the result of a severe hemorrhage, or 
may be caused by pressure or thrombosis or a narrowing of the 
vessels in that region or a dilatation of blood-vessels in other parts. 

What are the symptoms ? 

Vertigo or dizziness is usually present, there is nervous ex- 
citement, the animal going forward or backward; there may be 
twitchings of muscles about the head and in some cases about 
the neck. 

What is the prognosis ? 

Unfavorable as a rule, but depends on the cause. 

Outline the treatment. 

Treat symptomatically ; build up the system and improve the 
blood. 

Good food, light exercise, good hygiene, and watch the bowels. 

The drugs indicated are iron, strychnine, arsenic, etc. 

Alcoholic stimulants are useful in most cases. The bromides 
and chloral are contra-indicated. 

The extremities should be hand-rubbed. 



CEEEBEAL HEMOERHAGE. 

Give the synonyms. 

Encephalic hemorrhage; intracranial hemorrhage; cerebral 
apoplexy; meningeal hemorrhage. 

What is the definition ? 

Cerebral hemorrhage may be defined to be a rupture of one 
of the blood-vessels of the brain, characterized by coma and 
paralysis. 



DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 235 

What is the morbid anatomy? 

The lesions are mostly found in the cerebral arteries. Aneur- 
isms are usually present. On section of the brain-substance, these 
appear as small, dark bodies, the size of a pin's head. 

The hemorrhage may be cerebral, meningeal, or intra- 
veniricular. 

Meningeal hemorrhage may take place outside the dura mater 
or between it and the arachnoid, or between the arachnoid and 
pia mater. 

The extravasations cause pressure on the adjacent structures, 
and unless the products are absorbed motor paralysis occurs, fol- 
lowed by degeneration of the various tissues involved. 

Give the causes. 

Injuries or fractures of the skull, rupture of aneurisms, dis- 
eases of the walls of the vessels, overaction of the heart; this con- 
dition may be associated with certain general diseases. Heredity 
comes into play, as does age. In older animals the vessels become 
more brittle as a rule, and are thus prone to rupture. 

Give the symptoms. 

Symptoms of cerebral hemorrhage may be divided for study 
into primary and secondary. 

The primaky symptoms are vertigo, uneasiness, twitching 
of musoies, the mucous membranes injected, and, if the hemor- 
rhage be severe, unconsciousness and paralysis. 

In severe cases the pulse is full, slow, and hard; the respira- 
tions are labored, deep, and stertorous; the temperature normal 
or subnormal; the pupils usually dilated; the eyes turned in their 
sockets; the head turned to one side; involuntary evacuations of 
the bladder and bowels due to relaxation of the sphincters, and a 
paralysis of a portion of the body, varying according to the situa- 
tion of the hemorrhage. Secondary fever is usually present. 

The secondary symptoms are changes taking place in various 
tissues along the course of the paralyzed nerves. The reflexes are 
greatly increased, there is flexion of parts of the extremities with 
loss of co-ordinating power. Atrophy of muscles may result, al- 
though it is not constant. 

How may cerebral hemorrhage be diagnosed? 

By the suddenness of the attack, by the head and eyes being 
deviated to one side, by the subnormal fever being followed by 



236 PEACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

secondary fever, by the inequality of the pupils, and by a paralysis 
remaining after consciousness is regained. 

What is the differential diagnosis between cerebral con- 
gestion and cerebral hemorrhage ? 

In cerebral congestion there may be loss of consciousness, but 
it is only transient, and there is no paralysis that is permanent. 

How may coma of cerebral apoplexy be differentiated 
from coma of opium poisoning ? 

By the primary depression, by secondary fever, by the devia- 
tion of the head and eyes, by the pupils not being equal, and by 
the signs of paralysis. 

Give the prognosis. 

These cases usually die or are destroyed. ]\Iild cases may re- 
cover, with a paralysis of the ears, lips, etc., remaining. 

What can be done for these cases ? 

The indications are to lessen the amount of blood to the part, 
and thus stop the hemorrhage. Purges to determine the blood 
to other parts. 

Locally, cold applications to the head; later, blisters or setons 
may be indicated. 

Iodide of potassium, colchicum, etc., to get rid of the results 
of hemorrhage. 



CEREBRAL EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS. 

Define each. 

Cebebral embolism is a plugging or stopping up of the 
cerebral vessels by any substance, characterized by loss of conscious- 
ness, convulsions, and possibly paralysis. 

Cerebral thrombosis is a partial or complete obstruction 
of any portion of the circulatory apparatus of the brain with blood 
that has coagulated in the vessels or by any morbid product. 

What are the causes ? 

Embolism may be the result of vegetations from the valves of 
the heart being washed into the stream, or it may arise from a 
thrombus or may be the result of a fragment of calcareous material. 

Thromhosis is most frequently caused by some vascular dis- 



DISEASES OF THE NEEVOUS SYSTEM. 237 

ease. Enfeebled vitality and circulation and a condition of the 
blood to coagulate more readily are the principal causes. 

How would you distinguish between the symptoms of 
cerebral embolism and those of cerebral hemor- 
rhage ? 

The age may aid us, as cerebral hemorrhage is more likely to 
occur in old age, embolism in the young. 

Cerebral hemorrhage is associated with diseases of the blood- 
vessels, while embolism is seen with cardiac disease. 

In cerebral hemorrhage convulsions are not likely to be present, 
as they are in embolism, while paralysis of half the body follows 
hemorrhage. 

Give the differential diagnosis between cerebral throm- 
bosis and cerebral hemorrhage. 

The symptoms of thrombosis come on more or less gradually, 
while those of hemorrhage are sudden and are associated with loss 
of consciousness. 

Convulsions are present with thrombosis, but are localized;- 
if present with hemorrhage they are general. 

Conditions of depression point toward thrombosis, while con- 
ditions of excitement favor hemorrhage. 

In hemorrhage the arterial tension is high; in thrombosis the 
circulation may be stagnant and the animal debilitated. 

What are the indications for treatment ? 

The treatment is not satisfactory. If the heart is weak, give 
stimulants and digitalis. Iodide of potassium is useful. 
Laxatives may be indicated, but not severe purges. 

ENCEPHALITIS. 

What are the synonyms ? 

Cerebritis; meningitis; arachnitis; pachymeningitis; lepto- 
meningitis. 

Define each. 

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the contents of the cranial 
cavity. 

Cerebritis may be defined to be an inflammation of the cere- 
brum proper. 



238 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes covering the 
brain exclusive of the dura mater. 

Arachnitis is an inflammation of the arachnoid membrane. 

Pachymeningitis is an inflammation of the dura mater of the 
brain. 

Leptomeningitis is an inflammation of the cerebral pia mater. 

What are the causes? 

It may be caused in about the same manner as congestion ; it 
may be the result of traumatism or it may be an extension from 
some adjacent organ ; parasites, emboli, thrombi are also among the 
causes as well as bacterial ferments from mouldy food. 

Give the morbid anatomy. 

Cerebritis may be non-suppurative or suppurative. In the 
non-suppurative form there are irregular foci, more or less rounded 
and about the size of a pea, distributed throughout a portion of 
the cerebral hemisphere. 

In the suppurative form abscesses are found, either single or 
multiple. 

In pachymeningitis suppurative changes usually occur. The 
dura mater is reddened, thickened, and extravasations of blood 
are found. The surface of the dura is covered with a fibrino- 
purulent exudation. 

In leptomeningitis the pia mater is swollen, reddened, and a 
serous fluid is present, the ventricles containing fluid. 

In arachnitis about the same condition is shown as in lepto- 
meningitis. 

What symptoms are shown ? 

Symptoms of congestion are present in the beginning, which 
are usually vague. 

The head becomes elevated, the nose thrown in the air, there 
is a fixed and anxious expression, muscular trembling, associated 
with paroxysms of fear, during which the animal will run forward, 
pull backward. 

The pulse becomes full, in some cases slow, while in others 
quickened; the respirations are more or less labored and at times 
noisy; the temperature is elevated, being usually about 103° F. 
When in motion they walk like a partially blind horse, lifting the 
legs high, going sideways, pulling back, trembling, etc. 



DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 239 

If delirium is present they push their heads against the wall, 
kick and thrash about; the pulse becomes quickened, the mucous 
membranes injected, the eye has a wild look, and there is heat over 
the region of the brain. 

In the course of twelve or twenty-four hours symptoms of 
coma may be shown; the animal becomes dull, the head down or 
resting on the manger, the legs in various positions, either spread 
apart or together under the body; in these cases it is difficult to 
excite the animal, as the sensibility is diminished. There is an 
irregularity of the appetite and the bowels are costive. 

What is the prognosis ? 

It is usually grave as regards a cure. An abscess may form 
and produce death, or immobility, hemiplegia, or blindness may 
result. 

Give the indications for treatment. 

Purgatives to determine the blood to other parts, cold appli- 
cations locally are the principal indications. 

The drugs likely to be indicated are aconite or veratrum, 
valerian, belladonna, hyoscyamus, and possibly stimulants. 

If wounds are present, treat antiseptically. 



HYDROCEPHALUS. 

What is the synonym ? 

Cerebral dropsy. 

What are the forms ? 

There are two forms, congenital hydrocephalus and acquired 
hydrocephalus. 

What is congenital hydrocephalus ? 

This is an excessive accumulation of the cerebro-spinal fluid 
in the ventricles of the brain or in the meshes of the pia mater in 
the young, characterized by an enlargement of the head and more 
or less pronounced nervous phenomena. 

Where is this form mostly met with ? 

This form is seen at the time of birth and is apt to cause 
difficulty in delivery. It is rare among foals, being more common 
in ruminants. 



240 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

ACQUIRED HYDROCEPHALUS. 

Give the synonyms. 

Immobility; chronic hydrocephalus; the animal is called a 
dummy. 

Define this form. 

It is a chronic disease of the brain, with an accumulation of 
fluid in the ventricles and characterized by an alteration of con- 
sciousness, conception, and sensibility of varying degree. 

Give the causes of this affection. 

There is a hereditary tendency, and thus the animal should 
not be bred; in these cases, common-bred animals — especially 
those narrow between the ears and eyes — are the ones principally 
predisposed. 

It may follow congestion or inflammation of the brain; also 
tumors causing pressure. Poor food, bad hygienic surroundings, 
hot weather, bad-fitting harness, overwork, etc., are among the 
causes. 

What is the pathological anatomy? 

The convolutions of the brain are flattened, the depressions 
or sulci less marked or obliterated, the cortical substance dimin- 
ished and pale, corpora quadrigemina, the optic thalami, etc., flat- 
tened from pressure of the exudation, the ventricles contain fluid, 
the membrane forming the walls of the ventricles is thickened. 
Continued pressure of the exudate causes an atrophy of various 
portions of the brain, thus interfering with their functions. 

What are the symptoms ? 

The symptoms have to be studied under two conditions: first, 
when at rest in the stall, and, second, when the animal is in motion. 

When in the stall there is a disorder of consciousness, 
shown by the peculiar position the animal assumes by standing 
diagonally in the stall, the head hanging down or supported on 
the manger, eyes half closed, legs crossed, resting the heel of the 
shoe on the coronet of the opposite foot, sensibility is diminished, 
the animal taking no notice of the whip or flies. In drinking, they 
plunge their heads to the bottom of the trough, drink a little, 
and then stop; soon the nose is withdrawn in order to get breath. 



DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 241 

In feeding, the animal masticates a while, but soon stops, the food 
protruding or dropping from the mouth. 

At times paroxysms of fear present themselves, the animal 
running forward, pulling backward, etc., which symptoms soon 
disappear, the animal becoming comatose again. 

When in motion the head is low down, the feet are raised 
high in the air, somewhat similar to a partially blind horse or one 
walking in water. At times there is stumbling, they travel slowly 
or refuse to work, and it is difficult to back them; in backing they 
drag the feet, often tearing up the earth. 

Give some of the general symptoms. 

The pulse is slow, often being 20 or 30 beats per minute; the 
bowels are torpid; the condition of the body is good (they look 
fat). In hot weather they are apt to have the symptoms increased, 
and are liable to do damage if vertigo should occur; in cold weather 
the symptoms abate. 

How is the affection diagnosed ? 

By the symptoms, but in many cases where the symptoms are 
vague it becomes necessary to raise Uood pressure by having the 
animal galloped for a time. This often increases the symptoms. 

What is the prognosis? 

These cases are chronic in their course, and often remain 
stationary for years unless increased by food, work, climate, etc. 
It is very rare to have these cases recover. 

What is the treatment in chronic hydrocephalus? 

No satisfactory mode of treatment has yet been recommended 
that will cure; these cases may be relieved. 

Good hygienic conditions, moderate work, careful feeding, etc., 
are essential. 

If paroxysms of fear are shown, bleed or purge; then potas- 
sium bromide, chloral, etc. 

Diuretics and absorbents are beneficial; colchicum, potassium 
nitrate, potassium iodide, etc., are among the best known remedies. 

What affections occur in which horses may be fo id 
down? 

They may be down and unable to arise (except possibly witE 
great difficulty) in paralysis, myelitis, apoplexy of the spinal cord. 



242 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

azoturia, spinal meningitis, osteoporosis, sunstrohe, fractures, cere- 
brospinal meningitis, or in other cases the animal may be a so- 
called malingerer. 

Define paralysis. 

Paralysis {akinesis) may be defined to be a condition charac- 
terized by a loss of voluntary or involuntary muscular movements 
owing to defective innervation. 

What is hemiplegia? 

This is a form of paralysis characterized by a loss of power of 
many of the muscles of one-half of the body. 

What is meant by crossed hemiplegia? 

Crossed hemiplegia is that form of paralysis characterized by 
a loss of power of the muscles of one side of the body and those 
of the face of the opposite side. 

What do you understand by spinal hemiplegia? 

Spinal hemiplegia is that form of paralysis characterized by 
a loss of muscular power of one side of the body, the muscles about 
the head being normal. 

Paraplegia signifies what? 

By paraplegia is meant a loss of voluntary power of one 
transverse half of the body, the caudal portion being usually the 
part involved. When the other half is the seat it is called cervical 
paraplegia. 

What is monoplegia? 

It is a local or circumscribed paralysis affecting one extremity 
or one group of muscles. 

Define myelitis. 

It is an inflammation of the substance of the cord itself, char- 
acterized by a loss of reflexes and a paralysis of the rectum, blad- 
der, and posterior extremities. 

What is apoplexy of the spinal cord ? 

This is a sudden hemorrhage into the substance of the cord 
and characterized by spasms of muscles or paralysis and sometimes 
by haematuria. 

Define polio-myelitis. 

It is an inflammation of the large ganglion-cells of the ante- 
rior horns of gray matter of the cord which control nutrition as 
well as motion of the parts to which the nerves are sent. 



DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 243 

What is meant by a malingerer ? 

A malingerer is an animal that is apparently simulating dis- 
ability; the animal is usually down, and will make no efforts to get 
up, even after being whipped, etc. 

Define spasm. 

Spasm signifies an abnormal and often violent involuntary 
muscular contraction, with or without loss of consciousness. 

How are they divided clinically ? 

Into tonic spasms and clonic spasms. 

What are tonic spasms ? 

Tonic or tetanic spasms are those where the muscular con- 
tractions are constant or continuous for a measurable length of time. 

Define clonic spasms. 

Clonic spasms are those that show the contractions to rapidly 
intermit, and may be general or local. 

What is cramp ? 

This may be defined to be a tonic spasm of muscles associated 
with intra-muscular pain. 

Describe reflex action. 

A re-flex action may be defined to be a movement or a secretion 
which is the result of the transformation of a centripetal im- 
pression into a centrifugal impulse. 

What apparatus is required ? 

The shin or mucous membrane, or deeper structures, to receive 
the impression; a sensory afferent nerve to convey it; a nervous 
centre to receive and transform it; a motor or efferent nerve to trans- 
mit the impulse to the muscle, the wall of a vessel, a gland, etc. 

Normally, many functions of the animal body are performed 
by reflex action; the secretion of glands, etc., the movements of 
hollow organs, the movements of blood-vessels, as well as muscles. 



244 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 



SPINAL MENINGITIS. 

What are the synonyms ? 

Spinal disease; spinal fever. 

Define the same. 

Spinal meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges of the 
spinal cord characterized by a loss of power and sensibility of the 
posterior extremity. 

What is the morbid anatomy ? 

The membranes of the cord as well as those of the brain may 
be hypersemic, thickened, and ecchymosed. A serous or purulent 
fluid may be present between the membranes. 

Give the aetiology. 

The cause is not well understood. Bad hygienic conditions, 
overwork, excessive heat, are thought to share in causing the dis- 
ease. Probably it is produced by a micrococcus. 

What are the symptoms ? 

The symptoms vary in intensity in in-cases or out-breaks. 

There is a loss of power of the hind extremities, it being difiicult 
to back the animal out of the stall and in turning around; there 
is a swaying or staggering from side to side. The legs cannot co- 
ordinate properly, the animal drags the toe of the hind extremities, 
and there is a sort of cross-legged gait. The tail will be found lax, 
and if you raise it, it will fall powerless. If these symptoms in- 
crease the animal will fall down and be unable to rise. The tem- 
perature is usually about 101° or 101|° F. 

With what diseases may spinal meningitis be con- 
founded ? 

With influenza and azoturia principally. 

How may spinal meningitis be distinguished from in- 
fluenza ? 

By the lax condition of the tail, by the temperature being 101° 
or 101^° F., by the dragging of the toe of the hind extremities in 
spinal metunr/itis and by the higher fever 103° to 106° F., by the 



DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 245 

absence of paralysis, by the swollen extremities, and by the stag- 
gering gait denoting general weakness in influenza. 

Give the differential diagnosis between spinal meningitis 
and azoturia. 

See AzoTUEiA. 

What is the prognosis? 

Mild cases usually recover if no complications arise. 
Severe cases, especially when down, are apt to prove fatal. 

Outline the treatment. 

Place the animal in slings, give a purge, after which give 
belladonna every two or three hours till the action of the purgative 
is established. Aconite may be indicated and can be given with 
belladonna. 

After the action of the cathartic, give strychnine in one-grain 
doses and gradually increase till the physiological effect is obtained. 

Draw off the urine daily; give enemas to aid the purge, and 
apply liniments or blisters locally. 

After a time, exercise to tone up the muscles. 



SECTION X. 
INTOXICATIONS. 

SUNSTEOKE. 

What are the synonyms? 

Insolation ; thermic fever ; heat stroke ; heat exhaustion ; solar 
exhaustion. 

Define the same. 

By this we mean a condition caused by the exposure to ex- 
cessive heat characterized by certain nervous phenomena. 

How many varieties, and what are they ? 

There are two varieties, sunstroke proper, or thermic fever, due 
to the direct exposure to the sun's rays, especially during active 
exercise or work. 

The other variety is called heat-stroke or heat-exhaustion, which 
occurs after being subjected to prolonged intense heat, either of 
the sun's rays or of artificial heat. 

Give the symptoms. 

The symptoms of sunstroke come on more or less suddenly dur- 
ing exposure to the sun; perspiration ceases, there is dyspnoea or 
difficult breathing, the animal staggers and may fall down, being 
unable to rise. 

The pulse becomes weak, the temperature rises to 104°, 107°, 
or, in some cases, 110° F. 

The animal becomes more or less insensible, the bowels con- 
stipated, the urine scanty, but the reflexes are usually preserved. 

In some cases cerebral symptoms predominate and are some- 
what similar to apoplexy. 

The pupils become insensible to light, the vessels of the head 
and neck are full, the respirations become labored and stertorous, 
the pulse labored and full, and convulsions may take place. 

The symptoms of heat-exhaustion are those of weakness; there 

246 



INTOXICATIONS. 247 

is a feeble pulse, the respirations are quickened, but are free; the 
temperature is not so high. 

What is the morbid anatomy? 

Eigor mortis occurs early, and putrefactive changes develop 
very rapidly. 

The venous engorgement is extreme, especially in the cerebrum. 

The left ventricle is contracted and the right dilated. 

The blood is usually fluid, the lungs congested, and changes 
occur in the tissue proper of the liver and kidneys. 

Give the prognosis. 

Favorable indications are the recovery of consciousness and a 
fall in the temperature and increase in the amount of strength. 

Laminitis, congestion of the lungs, colic, etc., may be the 
sequelae. 

How is this condition diagnosed ? 

It is well for us to differentiate between heat-exhaustion and 
thermic fever. 

In solar exhaustion the skin is moist, pale, and cool; the res- 
pirations are easy and accelerated, the pulse is soft and small, the 
vital forces show temporary depression, and the senses remain 
intact. 

Whereas in sunstroke there are usually unconsciousness and 
pyrexia. 

Thermic fever is recognized by the history of exposure, the 
high temperature, dryness of the skin, the suddenness of the attack, 
the reflexes being normal, and the absence of paralysis. 

Outline the treatment. 

Keep the animal in a cool place out of the direct rays of the 
sun, and keep him as quiet as possible. 

Cold applications to the head or the body, and cold injections 
per rectum. 

Stimulants may be necessary, the use of carbonate of ammonia, 
etc.; also brandy hypodermically may be indicated. 

Ether, chloroform, in some cases chloral hydrate, especially 
where cerebral symptoms predominate, to quiet the animal. 

Belladonna to combat congestion, quinine to reduce the fever, 
and nux vomica to tone up the nerves are often beneficial. 

The use of purgatives, or, in some cases, bleeding. 



248 PEACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

AZOTURIA. 

Name the synonyms. 

Haemoglobinuria ; haemoglobinaemia ; spinal typhus; rheu- 
matic paraplegia. 

Give the definition. 

Azoturia comes from azot, meaning nitrogen, and uria, sig- 
nifying urine. 

It is a hypernitrogenized condition of the blood, characterized 
by dark-colored urine and a peculiar dropping of the posterior 
extremity, with knuckling at the fetlock. 

What is the aetiology? 

There are several theories as regards the cause of this disease ; 
some say the liver is at fault, others the skin and kidneys, others 
the nerves; the German theory is that the increased amount of 
nitrogen comes from the muscles, due to irritation of the nerves, 
producing tissue changes. Too much nitrogenous food and no 
exercise. 

It is not infrequently met with, especially in the city, among 
the heavy draft horses. It is most frequently seen usually during 
the cold weather immediately following holidays when the animals 
are kept in the stable for a day or so after hard work and in 
many cases fed the same amount and kind of food as if they were 
working. 

It is, in my opinion, produced by some poison or toxin which 
acts on the nerves showing the array of symptoms. I have, there- 
fore, classified it as an intoxication. 

Give the symptoms. 

When taken out of the stable they feel good, kick up, and the 
driver can hardly hold them. 

Usually, after driving, for say half a mile or so, the horse be- 
comes lame behind, kunckles over, falls down, and cannot get up. 

Or, in other animals, they get lame, sweat freely, become un- 
easy, looking around at their belly, and you think they have colic; 
but, if you attempt to move them, you see there is the loss of 
power of one leg, with knuckling over at the fetlock; the driver 
often suspects the horse has picked up a nail. This is one of the 
principal S3anptoms, that of Tcnuckling over, and also of the pecu- 
liar falling of the hip. 

Another thing is to look at the cramped condition of the 



INTOXICATIONS. 249 

gluteal muscles; they are hard and appear swollen, and often you 
see a deep depression on the median line. 

If there is any doubt about the diagnosis, examine the urine, 
which is generally dark in color, being of a brownish coffee color, 
or, in some cases, an intense black. 

The pulse is full and quickened, the mucous membranes in- 
jected, the temperature 103° to 103° F. (from excitement), and 
the respirations are apt to be increased in number. 

How may it be diagnosed? 

This is made by the history of the case, of the animal standing 
in a few days and being well fed. 

It usually occurs in large truck horses. 

The knuckling over of the hind ankle, first one, and then both, 
and the coffee-colored urine. 

Horse may be down, but remember the various other affections 
in which the decubital position is a symptom. 

With what disease may azoturia be confounded? 

It may be mistaken for spinal meningitis, colic, and fractures 
principally. 

How may it be differentiated from spinal meningitis? 

In azoturia there is a cramp or tonic spasm of the gluteal 
muscles, while in spinal meningitis there is a loss of power of the 
muscles. 

In azoturia there is an inability to bear weight; in spinal men- 
ingitis weight can be sustained, but there is a lack of muscular 
power to perform co-ordinate movement of the extremities. 

In azoturia there is a peculiar dropping of one extremity, with 
knuckling at the fetlock, while in spinal meningitis there is a 
dragging of the toe and swaying of the posterior portion of the 
body. 

In azoturia the temperature varies, averaging about 102° to 
103° F., while in spinal meningitis it is usually 101° or 101^° F. 

In azoturia the tail has not lost its power, while in spinal 
mpningitis the tail is limp (has no power). 

What is the differential diagnosis between azoturia and 
colic ? 

In both cases the animal may be do^^Ti, but in colic they are 
able to get up and stand up, do not knuckle over at the fetlock, 
and the urine is not coffee-colored, as in azoturia. 



250 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 

How may azoturia be differentiated from fractures? 

By a careful examination and manipulation of the parts and 
discovering the crepitation. 

Give the prognosis. 

The prognosis is variable and depends on the time and place 
as well as the condition of the animal. 

If the animal is down, very uneasy, having symptoms of de- 
lirium, then the prognosis is grave. In other cases the animal re- 
mains standing, the case looks favorable, but soon the patient gets 
weak, falls down, thrashes around, and is either destroyed or dies. 

In other cases the animal remains quiet (either standing or 
down), the medicines seem to act well, and the horse recovers. 

The prognosis should always be guarded, as 85 or 90 per cent. 
of severe cases die. The color of the urine may be a guide, the 
darker the urine the more grave the prognosis, as a rule. 

The prognosis seems to vary in different years. Sometimes 
80 to 95 per cent, are fatal while another time 80 to 90 per cent, 
recover; again paralysis of the muscles at the stifle results. 

Give the treatment. 

There is no remedy, as yet, that has given satisfaction. 

Bleeding has been recommended, and theoretically, it would 
seem to be indicated, but, practically, it is difficult to do, as the 
animals are often down and thrashing about. 

Bleeding, however, relieves the pressure on the blood-vessels, 
and the remedial agents in the alimentary tract will be more 
readily taken up. It should be followed by an injection of normal 
saline solution to replace the blood drawn, especially if a large 
quantity is drawn. 

These animals are generally uneasy; they get up on their 
front feet, bang their head on the floor, and thrash about ; in these 
cases we usually give chloral hydrate to quiet them. 

The next indication is to unload the bowels by a full dose of 
aloes with calomel. 

This should be followed by diuretics, as nitrate of potassium 
or colchicum, or a combination of these. Many advise strychnine 
and other nerve-stimulants when the acute symptoms have sub- 
sided. 

Enemas may be given to assist the action of the purge. 
Another remedy recommended by the Germans is eserine given 
in the trachea. 



INTOXICATIONS. 261 

Shall we use slings? 

This depends a good deal on the people that we come in con- 
tact with. 

The majority of cases die anyway, and many of our clients 
will not be satisfied unless we at least try to sling these animals. 

The rule is that it is best not to sling, except in some of the 
milder cases, where the animal is partially able to stand. They 
generally sag in the slings, break out in a sweat, thrash around, 
break the slings possibly, and you have to let them down. 

The cases often make a complete recovery in four or five days. 

Often they may not die, but are apt to have paralysis of the 
muscles of one leg. The anterior crural nerve is paralyzed, causing 
atrophy of the muscles in that region, and they have a peculiar 
motion — a dropping of that extremity. The paralyzed condition 
in many cases responds to strychnine by the mouth and hypoder- 
mically. The animal should be turned to pasture for natural ex- 
ercise after the acute symptoms have subsided. If improvement 
is shown up to about four months the animal will usually recover 
to usefulness in from eight to ten months. After about six 
months, forced exercise in the shape of slow work (drawing fairly 
heavy loads) will often aid the development of the muscles. If 
no improvement whatever in four months destruction is advisable. 

The affection usually commences in one leg and may gradually 
include the other, that is, affecting both. 

Always examine the urine, which should be drawn off with 
a catheter at least once in twenty-four hours. In some cases there 
may be a spasm of the muscles of the penis, which renders it al- 
most impossible to introduce a catheter. In these cases introduce 
the arm into the rectum and cause pressure on the bladder; this 
will often enable you to draw down the penis and introduce the 
catheter, or it may cause an evacuation of bladder without using 
the catheter. The urine may be so thick that it will not run. 
Theoretically, it would seem that the bladder should be washed out 
with warm water containing boric acid, quinine, bichloride of 
mercury, etc., and it may be good practically. 

Hot blankets over the loins may do some good, but blisters, 
etc., do harm in the beginning. 

Keep animal as quiet as possible, give a good soft bed, soft 
feed, and plenty of water, and turn the animal from side to side 
once or twice during twenty-four hours to avoid bed-sores. 



APPENDIX. 



PEESCEIPTIONS USED IN EQUINE PKACTICE. 



COLIC BALL. 

9 . Pulveris opii, 

Extract! belladonnae folii..aa 3 j. 
Pulveris zingiberis radicis, 
Bisniuthi subnitratis aa 3 ij. 

Miace et fiat bolus. 

Sig. : Give, and repeat if necessary. 

Good if diarrhoea is present. 



CHRONIC DIARRHOEA. 

9 . Ferri sulphatis | j. 

Pulveris nucis vomicae 3 iv. 

Bismuthi subcarbonatis | ij . 

Sodii bicarbonatis | iss. 

Misce et fiant capsulae, No. viij. 
Sig. : One, night and morning. Al- 
low the animal to drink at least one 
hour before driving. 



FEVER PILLS. 



9- 



Quininae sulphatis | j. 

Pulveris hydrastis Canadensis, 

Pulveris nucis vomicae. . . .aa 3 ij. 

Pulveris zingiberis radicis. . . | as. 
Misce et fiant capsulae. No. iv. 
Sig. : One every three hours. 



SUPERPURGATION. 



9. 



Pulveris opii. 

Catechu pulveris aa 3 88. 

Aluminis, 

Pulveris zingiberis radicis.. aa 3j. 
Misce et fiat capsula. 
Sig. : Give at once and, if necessary, 
repeat in two or three hours. 



TONIC PILLS. 

I . Strychniae sulphatis 

Extracti belladonnae folii.. 

Pulveris gentianae radicis . . 
Misce et fiant pilulae, No. viij. 
Sig. : One, three times a day. 



gr. IV. 
3iv. 
3J- 



STIMULANT PILLS. 

8. Ammonias carbonatis |j. 

Pulveris digitalis folii, 

Nucis vomicae pulveris. . . .aa 3 ij. 

Syrupi fusci q. s. 

Misce et fiant boli, No. iv. 
Sig. : One pill every three hours. If 
the heart is weak, may be beneficial in 
bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, influ- 
enza, etc. 



PURGING BALL. 

9 . Aloes Barbadensis 3 viss. 

Hydrargyri chloridi mitis . . 3 j . 

Extracti belladonnae 3 ss. 

Pulveris zingiberis radicis . . § ss. 
Misce et fiat bolus. 

Sig. : Give after having the horse 
prepared by dieting. 

The amount of aloes varies with the 
case, the size of the horse, ete. 



COUGH POWDERS. 



9 



Asclepiadis tuberosae, 

Potassii nitratia aa ^ iv. 

Antimonii et potassii tartratis. 3 iv. 
Misce et fiat pulvis ; divide in chartu- 
lae. No. viij. 

Sig. : One powder two or three times 
a day. 

May be used in chronic bronchitis, 
laryngitis. 



DIURETIC POWDERS. 

9 • Potassii nitratis 3 viij. 

Potassii iodidi, 

Pulveris colchici seminis.aa ?, ss. 
Misce et fiant pulveres, No. viij. 
Sig. : One powder every three hours, 
in food or drinking-water. 

Useful in laminitis, lymphangitis, 
pleurisy, influenza, purpura haemor- 
rhagica. 



253 



254 



APPENDIX. 



FEVER BALLS. 

9 . Antimonii et potassii tartratis, 

Camphorae gumini aa 3 ij- 

Potassii nitratis | iv. 

Massae communis q.s. 

Misce et fiant boli, No. iv. 
Sig. : Give one at once and repeat 
when necessary. 



FLATULENT COLIC. 

5 . Pulveris carbonis liqni ^ j. 

Sodii bicarbonatis 3 iv. 

Bismuthi subcarbonatis 3 ij • 

Pulveris capsici 3 j • 

Misce et fiant capsulae, No. ij. 
Sig. : Give one, and repeat if neces- 
sary. 



COLIC BALL. 

g . Chloralis hydratis 5 J- 

Pulveris lobeliae 3 ss. 

Glyceriti amyli q. s. 

Misce et fiat bolus. 
Sig : Give at once; can repeat in 
half an hour, if necessary. 



ACIDITY OF STOMACH. 



? 



Sodae bicarbonatis, 
Pulveris gentianae radicis, 
Pulveris zingiberis radicis.. aa | iij. 

Pulveris capsici 3 j. 

Bismuthi subcarbonatis ... . 3 vj. 

Misce et fiat pulvis in scatula. 

Sig. : Half ounce in feed, two or 
three times a day. 

Useful after colic due to indigestion. 



ALTERATIVE POWDER. 

B . Sulphuris pulveris | iij. 

Potassii nitratis, 

Potassii bitartratis aa § ij • 

Antimonii nigrae | j. 

Misce et fiant pulveres. No. viij. 
Sig. : One powder two or three times 
a day. 

DRYING POWDER. 

B . Zinci sulphatis, 

Aluminis pulveris aa ^ ij. 

Sanguinariae radicis | ss. 

Misce et fiat pulvis in scatula. 
Sig. : "Wash sore and dust on the 
powder. 

Good for summer sores. 



DRYING POWDER. 

B . Carbonis animalis § iJ- 

Hydrastis Canadensis, 

Aluminis aa § ss. 

Misce et fiat pulvis. 
Sig. : After washing the sore sprinkle 
on the powder. 

Useful in superficial wounds where 
dressings cannot be applied. 



ELECTUARY. 

B . Potassii chloratis, 

Pulveris extracti belladonnae 

f olii aa 5 ss. 

Pulveris glycyrrhizae radicis. . | ij. 

Syrupi fusci q. s. 

Misce et fiat electuarium. 
Sig. : A drachm or two on tongue 
three or four times a day. 
Good in laryngitis, etc. 



ELECTUARY. 

^. Camphorae gummi, 

Extracti belladonnae folii. .aa § j. 

Ipecacuanhae | iss. 

Massae communis 3 iv. 

Misce et fiat electuarium. 
Sig. : Half ounce on tongue three or 
four times a day. 
Used for troublesome cough. 



COLIC MIXTURE. 

B. Fluidextracti cannabis Indicae, 
Fluidextracti belladonnae, 
Fluidextracti zingiberis ra- 
dicis aa 3iij- 

Spiritus aetheris nitrosi ? iiJ- 

Alcoholis diluti q. s. ad | vi. 

Misce et fiat mistura. 
Sig. : Give one ounce with syringe 
and repeat in twenty minutes or half 
hour, according to indications. 



FEVER MIXTURE. 

B . Quininae sulphatis | j. 

Acidi hydrochlorici diluti. . . f | j. 
Tincturae nucis vomicae, 

Tincturae capsici aa | 88. 

Spiritus frumenti . . 1 iv. 

Aquae q. s. ad | viij. 

Misce et fiat mistura. 
Sig. : One ounce every three hours 
(given with syringe). 



PRESCRIPTIONS USED IN EQUINE PRACTICE. 



255 



MIXTURE FOR DROPSY. 

R. Fluidextracti nucis vomicae, 

Fluidextracti colchici aa | j. 

Olei terebinthinae 3 iv. 

Spiritus vini rectificati f v j . 

Aquae q. s. ad | xij . 

Misce et fiat mistura. 
Sig. : One ounce every three or four 
hours. 

Dose varies from half-ounce to an 
ounce. 

Good in purpura haemorrhagica, azo- 
turia, etc. 



FOR PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA. 

R. Potassii iodidi 5 J- 

Strychninas sulphatis gr. viij . 

Liquoris potassae arsenitis . ^ viij . 
Aquae q. s. ad Oj. 

Misce et flat mistura. 

Sig. : One ounce three times a day. 



ACUTE BRONCHITIS. 

R . Antimonii et potassii tartra- 

tia !j.... 

Liquoris ammonii acetatis . . | viij. 

Spiritus aetheris nitrosi | vj. 

Tincturae aconiti 3 iss. 

Aquae q. s. ad Oj. 

Misce et fiat mistura. 
Sig. : One ounce every two or three 
hours. 



LOTION (ANODYNE AND ASTRIN- 
GENT}. 

R . Liquoris plumbi subacetatis . | ij . 
Tincturae arnicse, 

Tincturae opii aa ^ j. 

Aquae ad|xij. 

Misce et fiat lotio. 

Useful for fresh bruises, wounds, 
sprains, etc. 



PARASITICIDE. 

R . Hydrargyri bichloridi 3 ss. 

Alcoholis I vi. 

Aquae q. 9. ad Oj. 

Misce et fiat lotio. 

Sig. : After washing to soften and 
remove the scabs, appl,v. If it irritates 
too much, stop and apply sweet oil, 
vaseline, etc. 

May be used for ringworm, favus, 
scabies, etc. 



TONIC MIXTURE. 

R . Tincturae nucis vomicae, 

Tincturae capsici aa 5 ij. 

Liquoris potassii arsenitis. . | iij. 

Aquae . . q. s. ad | viij . 

Misce et fiat mistura. 

Sig. : One ounce three times a day 
before feeding. 



LINIMENT (ANODYNE). 

R. Tincturae opii ^ U- 

Tincturae belladonnae, 

Tincturae aconiti aa ^ j. 

Linimenti saponis. . .q. s. ad| viij. 
Misce et fiat linimentum. 
Sig. : Apply two or three times a 
dav. 



LOTION FOR BURNS. 

R . Olei lini, 

Liquoris calcis aa^viij. 

Acidi carbolici 3 j. 

Misce et fiat lotio. 

Sig. : Wet the dressing and cover the 
part to exclude the air. 



LINIMENT (STIMULATING). 

i . Tincturae cantharidis, 
Camphorae gummi, 

Tincturae capsici aa ^ ij • 

Linimenti saponis . . .q. s. ad | xij. 

Misce et fiat linimentum. 

Sig. : Apply two or three times a day. 

For sprains, sorethroat, etc. 



FOR BURNS. 

R . Acidi borici %Ba. 

Aquae rosae O j . 

Misce et fiat lotio. 

Sig. : Apply piece of oil-silk dipped 
in solution and cover with loose band- 
age. 



WHITE LOTION. 

R . Zinci sulphatis 3 vj. 

Plumbi acetatis pulveris | j. 

Aquae Oj. 

Misce et fiat lotio. 

Sig. : Bathe parts two or three times 
a day. 

Beneficial for swollen legs after the 
acute symptoms have subsided. 



256 



APPENDIX. 



RINGWORM. 

5 . Argenti nitratis gr. 

Adipis benzoinati 3 j. 

Misce et fiat unguentum. 

Sig. : Wash the parts and apply. 



INJECTION FOR FISTULA. 

9. Hydrogenii peroxidi, 

Liquoris calcis aa 3 viij . 

Misce et fiat solutio. 

Sig. : Inject once a day, the quantity 
to vary with the case. 

Good in all cavities where pus is 
present. 



FISTULOUS TRACTS. 

3 . Hydrargyri bichloridi, 

Acidi hydrochlorici aa 3 ss. 

Aquae bullientis 3 Ix. 

Misce et fiat solutio. 
Sig. : Inject once a day, according to 
indications. 



EYE DROPS. 

I. Atropine sulphatis 

Aquae destillatae 

Misce et fiat collvrium. 



gr. IT. 



Sig. : Few drops in eye two or three 
times a day. 

May be used in conjunctivitis, etc. 



COLLYRIUM. 

5 . Argenti nitratis gr. ij. 

Aquae destillatae | j. 

Misce et fiat colly rium. 

Sig. : Apply to the membrane with 
camels'-hair brusli. 

In conjunctivitis. 



UNGUENTUM CANTHARIDIS. 
Used in American Veterinary College. 
5 . Picis liquidi, 

ResinEe aa § iv. 

Cerse flavae I iij. 

Olei olivje § xj . 

Pulveris cantharidis | vj. 

Pulveris euphorbii | ij. 

Misce et fiat unguentum. 
Melt first three, add oil and then the 
powders ; stir till cold. 



FOR SCABIES. 

5 . Creosoti | j. 

Alcoholis diluti | xv. 

Aquffi I xl. 

Misce et fiat lotio. 

Sig. : Apply after washing the parts 
thoroughly. 



UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRUM. 

B . Hydrargyri biniodidi 3 ij. 

Adipis 5 ij. 

Misce et fiat unguentum. 
Good for curbs, splints, etc. 



HOOF OINTMENT. 



B 



Cerse flavae, 
Olei olivae, 
Adipis, 
Terebinthinae Venetae, 

Mellis aa 5 viij. 

Misce et fiat unguentum. 
Melt wax, oil, and lard — slow fire 
and copper pan ; then add rest and stir 
till cold. 



ABSORBING OINTMENT. 

R. lodi, 

Potassii iodidi aa 3 ss. 

Adipis Ij. 

Misce et fiat unguentum. 

Sig. : Rub in well once or twice a 
day till the part becomes slightly blis- 
tered ; stop for a day or so and apply 
sweet oil. 

Good for swollen glands, knee- 
capped hock, etc. 



R . Unguenti zinci § ij. 

Balsami Peruviani 3 ij. 

Acidi carbolici 3 ss. 

Misce et fiat unguentum. 
Sig. : Apply after washing the parts. 
For sores, cracked heels, etc., especi- 
ally if moist. 



3 . Cupri subacetatis 3 ij. 

Adipis I ij. 

Misce et fiat unguentum. 

Sig. : Wash parts thoroughly and ap- 
ply. 

May be used for cracked heels^ 
grease heels, etc. 



PKESCKIPTIONS USED IN CANINE PRACTICE. 



257 



PEESCRIPTIONS USED IN CANINE PRACTICE. 



ASTHMA. 

3 • Pulveris ipecacuanhae, 

Pulveris opii . aa gr. vj. 

Pulveris glycyrrhizae ra- 

dicis gr. xxiv. 

Pulveris rhei gr. xij . 

Misce et fiant pilulje, No. xxiv. 
Sig. : One pill night and morning. 



ASTHMA. 



^. 



Potassii iodidi 3 ij. 

Spiritus ammoniae aroraatici. . | j. 

Tincturse quassise, 

Aquse aa § ij. 

Misce. 

Sig. : 3 j. t. i. d. 

May be used during and between the 
attacks. 



STOMACH WORMS. 

9. Santonini, 

Hydrargyri chloridi mitis . aa gr. iij . 

Misce et fiant pilulae, No. vj. 

Sig. : Give one each morning till two 
or three pills have been given. 

Dose varies from half a pill to three 
pills, according to size and age of pup. 



HEMORRHOIDS. 

9. Pulveris opii 3ij. 

Acidi tannic! 3 is8. 

Unguenti zinci. . . 1 "!• 

Misce et fiat unguentum. 

Sig. : Apply once or twice a day. 



COLIC. 

9. Extracti cannabis Indicae flu- 

idi 3 j. 

Spiritus chloroformi 3 ij. 

Acidi hydrocyanici diluti . . . . 3 ss. 

Acaciae pulveris 3 ss. 

Aquae q. s. ad | ij. 

Misce et fiat emulsum. 
Sig. : 3 j. in water, repeated till pain 
is relieved. 

Good where colics are caused by in- 
digestible food. 



RACHITIS. 

5 . Calcii phosphatis, 

Ferri phosphatis aa gr. xxxvj. 

Misce et fiant pulveres, No. xij. 

Sig. : One powder night and morn- 
ing. 



OTITIS. 



9. 



Acidi carbolici, 

Zinci sulphatis, 

Plumbi acetatis aa gr. x. 

Aqu3B destillatse f | viij. 

Misce et fiat solutio. 
Sig. : Inject twice a day. 
Good, especially where the discharge 
is offensive. 



IRITIS— KERATITIS . 

9. Atropinae sulphatis gr. ij. 

Glycerini gtt. v. 

Aquae rosae | j. 

Misce et fiat coUyriura. 
Sig. : Few drops in eye two or three 
times a day. 



TONIC IN DYSPEPSIA. 

R . Pulveris calumbae, 

Zingiberis radicis pulveris . .aa 3 j. 

Misce et fiant pulveres. No. vj. 

Sig. : One in molasses or syrup three 
times a day. 



INDIGESTION POWDERS. 

5 . Bismuthi subnitratis 3 ij. 

Pepsini 3 j. 

Misce et fiant pulveres. No. xij. 

Sig. : One on tongue every two or 
three hours. 

Good where food is vomited ; best 
given after eating. 



CONSTIPATION. 

R . Olei ricini § iss. 

Syrupi rhamni cathartici. ... | j. 

Syrupi papaveris § ss. 

Misce. 

Sig. : Half to two ounces (repeated 
if necessary), according to size of dog, 
etc. 



258 



APPENDIX. 



FEVER MIXTURE. 

5 . Quininae sulphatis 3 j. 

Acidi hydrochlorici diluti . f 3 j. 

Tincturse belladonnas 3 isa. 

Spiritus aetheria nitrosi | j. 

Aquae q. s. ad | iij. 

Misce. 

Sig. : 3 j« or 3 ij- every two or three 
hours. 



FOR ULCERS. 

R . Sodii chloridi ^ ii^a. 

Mentholia 3 ij. 

Misce et fiat pulvia. 

Sig. : Wash well and apply the pow- 
der. 

Useful in ulcers that are slow to 
heal. 



FOR SCABIES. 

R. Sulphuris praecipitatis §88. 

Balsami Peruviani | sa. 

Adipia, 

Petrolati §,& § iss. 

Misce et fiat unguentum. 
Sig. : Wash parts and apply. 



ACUTE INDIGESTION. 



R 



Tincturae nucis vomicae, 

Acidi hydrochlorici diluti . . aa 3 sa. 

Bismuthi subnitratis 3 ij. 

Liquoris pepsini § j. 

Syrupi aurantii q. s. ad | ij. 

Misce. 

Sig. : Teaspoonful every three hours. 

Good where there is a lack of gastric 

juice and the digestive powers are weak. 



INDEX. 



Abdominal dropsy, 197 
Abnormal respirations, 46 

sounds on auscultation, 122 

sounds on percussion, 119 
Abscess, in colt distemper, 78 

in parotiditis, 172 

superpharyngeal, 174 
Abscesses, metastatic, 87 
Accelerated respiration, 46 
Acquired hydrocephalus, 240 
Actinomj^cosis, 92 
Active hypersemia of the brain, 
232 

of the kidneys, 204 

of the liver, 198 

of the lungs, 141 
Acute bronchitis, 136 

differential diagnosis of, 150 
Acute gastritis, 182 

glanders, 84 

laryngitis, 129 

lobar pneumonia, 146 

nasal catarrh, 123 
Adenitis equorum, 77 
Adenitis, rhino-, 77 
etiology, definition of, 39 

of inflammation, 57 
Albumin in urine, test for, 211 
Amphoric respiration, 123 

sound, 119 
Amyloid degeneration, 201 

liver, 201 
Anaemia, 69 

causes, 69 

symptoms, 70 

treatment, 70 

of the brain, 233 
Anaesthesia, 227 



Anasarca, 104 
Anuria, 214 
Aphthae, 171 
Apnoea, 54 
Apoplexy, cerebral, 234 

of spinal cord, 242 

pulmonary, 144 
Arachnitis, 238 
Arrhythmia, 223 
Ascites, definition of, 197 
Asphyxia, 54 
Aspiration in pleurisy, 165 

in tympanites, 190 
Asthenia, 54 
Atrophy, 64 
Auscultation, definition of, 120 

in bronchitis, 137 

in pericarditis, 217 

in pleurisy, 163 

in pneumonia, 149 
Azoturia, definition, 248 

prescription for, 255 

symptoms, 248 

treatment, 250 

urine in, 251 



Bacilli, 40, 42 
Bacteria, 40, 41, 51 
Bastard strangles, 79 
Big head, 112 

jav^r, 92 
Bile in the blood, 197 

in urine, test for, 211 
Bladder, inflammation of, 215 
Bleeder's disease, 107 
Bleeding from lungs, 144 

from nasal cavity, 127 
Blind staggers, 228 



259 



260 



INDEX. 



Blood, changes in, 69 
Blood, in anaemia, 69 

in leucocythaemia, 72 

in plethora, 71 

in purpura haemorrhagica, 104 

in urine, 213 

in urine, test for, 211 
Bloody flux, 94 
Bone softening-, 110 
Bowels, diseases of, 187 
Brachycardia, 223 
Brain, anaemia of, 233 

congestion of, 232 

death beginning at, 55 

diseases of, 232 

dropsy of, 239 

inflammation of, 237 
Breathing, abdominal, 46 

difticult, 46 

irregular, 46 

quickened, 46 

stertorous, 46 

thoracic, 46 
Broken wind, 156 
Bronchial hemorrhage, 144 

rales, 110 
Bronchiectasis, 140 
Bronchitis, acute, 135 

causes, 136 

forms, 135 

physical signs, 137 

symptoms, 136 

treatment, 137 
Broncho-pneumonia, 154 
Broncho-pulmonary hemorrhage, 

144 
Bronchorrhagia, 144 
Broncho-vesicular breathing, 121 



Cachexia ossifraga, 108 
Cfecum, impaction of, 194 
Cardiac dilatation, 221 

hypertrophy, 220 

palpitation, 222 
Cardinal symptoms of inflamma- 
tion, 58 
Carus, definition of, 227 



Catalepsy, definition of, 231 
Catarrh, acute nasal, 123 

causes, 123 

symptoms, 124 

treatment, 125 

chronic nasal, 125 
Catarrhal fever, 74 

inflammations, 60 
Causes, endopathic, 39 

exciting, 39 

exopathic, 39 

of broken wind, 144 

of coma, 228 

of disease, 39 

of Dourine, 86 

of dysentery, 94 

of fever, 68 

of glandei's, 82 

of inflammation, 57 

of mal de caderas, 91 

of nagana, 90 

of purpura haemorrhagica, 104 

of roaring, 134 

of rupture of stomach, 186 

of surra, 88 

predisposing, 39 
Cavernous respiration, 123 

sounds, 121 
Cerebral anaemia, 233 

apoplexy, 234 

congestion, 232 

embolism, 236 

thrombosis, 236 
Cerebritis, 237 

Cerebro-spinal meningitis, 96 
Choking, 176 

symptoms of, 177 
Chorea, definition of, 230 
Chronic bronchitis, 138 

catarrhal inflammation, 60 

gastritis, 184 

glanders, 83 

hepatitis, 200 

hydrocephalus, 239 

laryngitis, 131 

nasal catarrh, 125 

whistling, 133 
Circulatory system, diseases of. 
216 



INDEX. 



261 



Cirrhosis of the liver, 200 
Classification of diseases, 65 
Clinical signs of inflammation, 58 
Clonic spasms, 243 
Coagulation of the blood in anae- 
mia, 69 

in leucocythaemia, 72 

in purpura hsemorrhagica, 104 
Cocci, 40 
Colic, prescription for, 253, 254 

spasmodic, 187 

treatment of, 189 

tympanitic, 189 
Colitis, 192 

Colon, impaction of, 194 
Color of urine, 209 
Colt distemper, 77 
Coma, 55, 227 

Communicable diseases, 52 
Congestion of the brain, 232 

of the liver, 198 

of the lungs, 141 
Constipation, 194 
Constitutional diseases, 104 
Constriction of the intestines, 190 

of the oesophagus, 178 
Contagious disease, 52 
Continued fever, 68 
Convulsions, 232, 243 
Coryza, 123 
Costiveness, 195 
Cough, dry, 46 

kinds of, 46 

moist, 46 

prescription for, 253 
Cracked-pot sound, 119 
Crepitant rales, 149 
Cribbing, 168 
Crisis, 53 

in pneumonia, 149 
Croupous inflammations, 60 
Cutaneous glanders, 84 
Cystitis, 215 



Death, beginning at the brain, 55 
beginning at the heart, 54 
beginning at the lungs, 54 



Death, by anaemia, 54 

by apnoea, 55 

by asphyxia, 55 

by asthenia, 54 

by coma, 55 

by syncope, 54 

from hemorrhage, 55 

modes of, 55 
Deep inflammation, 61 
Defervescence in fever, 66 
Definition of disease, 51 

of general symptomatology, 43 

of treatment, 50 
Degeneration, 64 

of the liver, 201 
Delirium, 227 

Destruction in inflammation, 62 
Diabetes, forms of, 114 

insipidus, 116 

mellitus, 115 
Diagnosis, deflnition, 49 

differential, 49 

direct, 49 

indirect, 49 

of azoturia, 249 

of bronchitis, 137 

of colic, 188, 190 

of enteritis, 193 

of glanders, 85 

of hydrocephalus, 241 

of influenza, 76 

of laryngitis, 130 

of osteoporosis, 114 

of pericarditis, 218 

of pleurisy, 163 

of pharyngitis, 172 

of pneumonia, 150 

of pulmonary emphysema, 158 

of purpura haemorrhagica, 106 

of rachitis. 111 

of roaring, 134 

of spinal meningitis, 233 

of sunstroke, 247 

of tetanus, 102 
Diaphragm, rupture of, 225 

spasm of, 225 
Diarrhoea, 194 

prescription for, 253 
Diathesis, hemorrhagic, 95 



262 



INDEX. 



Diet in enteritis, 181 

in pleurisy, 153 

in pneumonia, 153 
Differential diagnosis, definition, 

49 
Difficult respiration, 46 
Digestive system, diseases of, 167 
Dilatation of the heart, 221 

of the oesophagus, 178 
Diphtheritic inflammations, 61 
Disease, classification of, 65 

communicable, 52 

contagious, 52 

definition of, 51 

enzootic, 52, 74 

epizootic, 52, 67 

functional, 51 

infectious, 52, 74 

organic, 51 

panzootic, 53 

septic, 52 

sporadic, 52 

terminations of, 53 

zymotic, 53 
Diseases of the bladder, 215 

of the blood, 69 

of the brain, 232 

of the diaphragm, 225 

of the digestive system, 167 

of the heart, 216 

of the intestines, 187 

of the kidneys, 204 

of the liver, 197 

of the lungs, 141 

of the mouth, 167 

of the nasal passages, 123 

of the nervous system, 227 

of the oesophagus, 176 

of the peritonevim, 195 

of the pleura, 159 

of the stomach, 181 
Distemper, colt, 77 
Dourine, 86 
Dropsy, abdominal, 197 

general, 104 

of the brain, 239 
Dry rales, 122 
Dummy, 239 
Duodenitis, 191 



Dysentery, definition, 94 

symptoms, 95 

treatment, 96 
Dyspepsia, acute, 182 

chronic, 184 
Dysphagia, 180 
Dyspnoea, 46 

E 

Embolism, cerebral. 236 
Emphysema, pulmonary, 156 

diagnosis, 146, 158 

treatment, 159 
Emprosthotonos, 101 
Empyaema, 165 
Encephalic hemorrhage, 234 
Encephalitis, 237 
Endocarditis, 219 
Enteralgia, 187 
Enteritis, 191 

differential diagnosis, 193 

treatment of, 193 
Enzootic disease, 52 
Epilepsy, 232 
Epistaxis, 127 
Epizootic disease, 53 
Equina, 82 
Equine rabies, 93 

syphilis, 86 

variola, 81 
Eruptions in dourine, 87 

in farcy, 84 

in glanders, 83 

in purpura haemorrhagica, 104 

in variola, 80 
Eruptive fever, 68 
Essential fever, 65 
Etiology, 39 
Exciting causes, 39 
Exhaustion, heat, 234 
Expectorant cough, 46 
Extrinsic causes of disease, 39 
Exudations of inflammation, 59 



Farcy, 84 

diagnosis, 85 
symptoms, 84 



INDEX. 



263 



Fatty liver, 201 

Fehling's test for sugar, 200 

Femoral cramp, 231 

symptoms, 231 

treatment, 231 
Ferments, 53 
Fetid nasal catarrh, 113 
Fever, characteristics of, 65 

definition, 65 

eruptive, 68 

forms, 67 

hectic, 67 

inflammatory, 67 

intermittent, 68 

kinds, 68 

periodical, 68 

prescription for, 254 

remittent, 68 

simple, 67 

stages, 66 

symptoms, 66 

treatment, 68 

typhoid, 67 
Fibrino-purulent exudation, 59 
Fibrinous exudation, 60 
Fits, 228 
Flatulent colic, 189 

symptoms, 189 

treatment, 189 
Floating kidney, 209 
Forms of fever, 67 

of glanders, 82 

of hepatitis, 199 

of inflammation, 59 

of influenza, 74 

of pleurisy, 159 

of pneumonia, 146 

of renal hyperaemia, 192 

of strangles, 77 

of treatment, 68 
Friction sound, 150 
Functional disease, 51 



G 

Gangrene, 63 

of lungs, 148 
Gastritis, definition of, 181, 182 

forms of, 181 



General diseases, 65 

pathology, 35 

symptomatology, 43 
Glanders, 82 

acute, 84 

chronic, 83 

cutaneous form of, 84 

diagnosis of, 85 

farcy, 84 

forms of, 82 

latent form of, 84 

mode of procedure in, 85 

prophylactics, 85 

symptoms, 83, 84 
Gleet, nasal, 125 
Glossitis, 170 
Glottis, oedema of, 132 
Glycosuria, 115 
Gmelin's test for bile, 211 
Greek prefixes, 36 
Guttural pouches, pus in the, 174 

symptoms, 175 

treatment, 176 



Haematuria, 213 

Haemoglobinuria, 248 

Haemophilia, 107 

Haemoptysis, 132 

Hard pulse, 45 

Harsh respiratory murmur, 121 

Heart, death beginning at, 54 

diseases of, 216 

hypertrophy, 220 
Heat stroke, 246 
Heaves, 156 
Hectic fever, 67 
Hemiplegia, 243 

crossed, 242 

spinal, 242 
Hemorrhage, cerebral, 234 

nasal, 127 

pulmonic, 144 
Hemorrhagic diathesis, 107 

exudation, 59 
Hepatitis, acute parenchymatous, 
199 

Interstitial, 200 



264 



INDEX. 



Hepatization in pneumonia, 147 
Horse-pox, 81 
Hj'drocephaliis, 239 
H^'dronephrosis, 209 
Hj'dro-peritoneum, 197 
Hydrophobia, 93 
Hj^drops renum, 209 
Hj'drotliorax, 166 
Hyperseniia of the brain, 232 

of the liver, 198 

of the lungs, 141 
Hyperaesthesia, 227 
Hj^peralgesia, 227 
Hyperinosis, 73 
Hypertrophy, cardiac, 220 
Hypinosis, 74 

Hypodermic medication, in colic, 
189 

in glanders, 85 

in purpura hsemorrhagica, 106 

in sunstroke, 247 

in tetanus, 103 
Hypostatic congestion, 142 



Icterus, 197 

Idiopathic tetanus, 100 

Ileitis, 191 

Immobility, 239 

Impaction of intestines, 194 

of stomach, 185 
Incontinence of urine, 214 
Indigestion, acute, 182 

chronic, 184 
Infection, 41, 51 
Infectious disease, 52 

diseases, 74 
Infiltration, 64 

of the liver, 189 
Inflammation, 56 

catarrhal, 60 

causes of, 57 

croupous, 60 

diphtheritic, 61 

emigration of the cells in, 56 

exudations of, 59 

fibrino-serous exudation of, 59 

forms of, 59 



Inflammation, kinds of, 62 

non-specific, 62 

specific, 62 

symptoms of, 58 

terminations of, 63 

treatment of, 63 

vascular changes in, 56 
Infiammation of the brain, 237 

of the guttural pouches, 174 

of the heart, 216 

of the intestines, 191 

of the larynx, 128 

of the liver, 199 

of the lungs, 146 

of the mouth, 169 

of the mucous surfaces, 60 

of the oesophagus, 180 

of the stomach, 181 
Inflammatory fever, 67 
Influenza, definition, 74 

causes, 74 

forms, 74 

symptoms, 75 

treatment, 76 
Insolation, 246 
Inspection, definition of, 117 
Intermittent pulse, 45, 223 

fever, 68 
Interstitial inflammation, 61 

pneumonia, 142 
Intestinal diseases, 187 

obstruction, 190 
Intoxications, 246 
Intracranial hemorrhage, 234 
Intrinsic causes, 39 
Introduction, 35 
Intussusception, 190 
Invagination, 190 
Irregular breathing, 46 

teeth, 169 

strangles, 77 
Irritable bladder, 215 

heart, 222 
Ischsemia, 69 



Jabot. 178 

Jaundice, caiisation, 197 



INDEX. 



265 



Jaundice, definition, 197 
forms, 197 
symptoms, 198 
treatment, 198 



Kidneys, congestion of, 204 

diseases of, 204 

floating, 209 

inflammation of, 205 
Kinds of inflammation, 62 
Kyphosis, 111 



Lampas, 167 
Large pulse, 45 
Laryngeal hemiplegia, 133 

oedema, 132 

rales, 122 
Laryngitis, acute, 129 

causes, 129 

differential diagnosis, 172 

symptoms, 129 

treatment, 130 
Latent glanders, 84 
Latin prefixes, 36 
Leptomeningitis, 238 
Leucocythsemia, 71 

causation, 72 

diagnosis, 73 
Liver diseases, congestion of, 198 

inflammation of, 199, 200 

symptoms of, 199 

treatment of, 200 
Lobar pneumonia, 146 
Lobular pneumonia, 154 
Local diseases, 65, 117 
Local treatment of inflammation, 

63 
Lockjaw, forms, 100 

symptoms, 100 

treatment, 101 
Lordosis, 111 
Lumpy jaw, 92 
Lungs, disease of, 141 



Lungs, congestion of, 141 
emphysema of, 156 
gangrene of, 148 
hemorrhage of, 144 
inflammation of, 146 

Lysis, 46 



M 



Madness, 93 

Maladie du coit, 86 

Malaria, 68 

Mai de caderas, 91 

Malignant strangles, 79 

Malingerer, 243 

Mallein, to diagnose glanders, 85 

Marasmatic fever, 67 

Meningitis, cerebral, 96 

spinal, 244 
Mensuration, deflnition, 118 
Metallic tinkling, 123, 163 
Metamorphosis, 64 
Metastasis, 53 

Method of converting degrees 
Centigrade into Fahrenheit, 
48 
Micrococci, 40, 41 
Microorganisms, 40, 51 
Modes of death, 54 
Moist cough, 46 

rales, 122 
Monoplegia, 242 
Moore's test for sugar, 211 
Morbid anatomy, 42 

in acute gastritis, 183 

in acute lobar pneumonia, 146 

in enteritis, 192 

in nephritis, 206 

in pleurisy, 161 

in septicfiemia, 97 
Mortification, 63 
j\[otor paralysis, 242 
Mouth, diseases of, 167 
Mucous membranes, 48 

in anaemia, 48, 63 

in glanders, 48, 76 

in liver diseases, 48 

in ozena, 48, 124 



266 



INDEJX. 



Mucous membranes in purpura 

hsemorrhagica, 48, 104 
Muguet, 171 

Muscles, spasm of the patella, 231 
Myelitis, 242 
Myocarditis, 220 



N 



Nagana, 90 

Nasal catarrh, 123 

Nasal gleet, symptoms, 125 

treatment, 127 

hemorrhage, 127 
Necraemia, 63 
Necrosis, 63 
Nephritis, acute tubal, 205 

interstitial, 207 
Nephroptosis, 209 
Nephro-lithiasis, 209 
Nervous fever, 67 

system, diseases of, 227 
Nomenclature, 36 
Noncommunicable diseases, 52 
Nonpathogenic bacteria, 40 
Nonspecific inflammations, 62 
Normal constituents of the urine, 
209 

pulse, 44, 216 

sounds on auscultation, 120 

sounds on percussion, 118 

temperature, 47 
Nosology, 36 



Objective symptoms, 42 
Obstruction, intestinal, 190 

oesophageal, 176 
(Edema of the glottis, 132 

of the lungs, 143 
CEdematous laryngitis, 132 
CEsophagus, acute inflammation 
of, 180 

dilatation of, 178 

diseases of, 176 

foreign bodies in, 176 



CEsophagus, rupture, 179 

spasm, 180 

stricture, 180 
Oligsemia, 69 
Oligocythaemia, 69 
Opisthotonos, 101 
Oppressed breathing, 46 
Organic disease, 51 
Orthotonos, 101 
Osteomalacia, 108 
Osteoporosis, 112 
Ozena, 125 



Pachymeningitis, 238 
Pain, varieties of, 43 

in inflammation, 58 
Palpation, 117 
I'alpitation, cardiac, 222 

of diaphragm, 225 
Pancreas, diseases of, 203 
Pancreatitis, 203 
Panzootic disease, definition of, 

53 
Paracentesis, abdominis, 197 

thoracis, 165 
Paraesthesia, 227 
Paralysis, local, 242 

of the pharynx, 173 

of the posterior extremity, 242 

varieties of, 242 
Paraplegia, 242 

Parenchymatous changes in in- 
flammation, 61 
Parenchymatous inflammation, 61 
Parotitis, 171 
Paroxysmal vertigo, 228 
Parrot mouth, 168 
Passive congestion of the brain, 
232 

of the kidneys, 204 

of the liver, 198 

of the lungs, 142 
Pathogenic bacteria, 40 
Pathognomonic symptoms, 43 
Pathology, general, 35 

special, 35 
Percussion, definition of, 118 



INDEX. 



267 



Percussion, in bronchitis, 137 

in pleurisy, 163 

in pneumonia, 149, 155 

in pulmonary emphysema, 159 

sounds elicited by, 118 
Pericarditis, 216 
Perinephritis, 208 
Periodical fevers, 68 
Period of incubation, 80 

in dourine, 86 

in glanders, 84 
Period of incubation in influenza, 
75 

in rabies, 93 

in rhino-adenitis, 77 

in variola, 80 
Peritonitis, 195 

symptoms, 196 

treatment, 196 
Peteehise in purpura, 104 
Pharyngitis, 172 

symptoms, 172 

treatment, 173 
Phosphates in urine, test for, 211 
Physical diagnosis, 117 
Physical properties of urine, 209 
Physical signs, 117 

in bronchitis, 137 

in pericarditis, 217 

in pleurisy, 163 

in pneumonia, 149 
Physiognomy' of disease, 43 
Pica, in osteomalacia, 108 
Pink-eye, 74 
Plastic pleurisy, 159 
Plethora, 71 
Pleura, diseases of, 159 
Pleural rales, 122 
Pleurisj', diagnosis, 163 

forms, 159 

physical signs, 163 

sj^mptoms, 162 

treatment, 165 
Pleuro-pneumonia, 151 
Pleurosthotonos, 102 
Pneumonia, differential diagnosis, 
150, 164 

forms, 146 

pathology, 146 



Pneumonia, physical signs, 149 

symptoms, 148 

treatment, 151 
Poliomj elitis, 242 
Polycythsemia, 71 
Polyuria, 116 

Post-pharyngeal abscess, 174 
Pneumorrhagia, 144 
Pneumothorax, 166 
Precursor}- symptoms, 42 
Predisposing causes, 38 
Prefixes, 36 

Premonitory symptoms, 42 
Prescriptions for azoturia, 255 

for burns, 255 

for colic, 253 

for cough, 254 

for diarrhoea, 253 

for dropsy, 255 

for the eye, 256 

for fever, 254 

for hemorrhoids, 257 

for laryngitis, 254 

for rachitis, 257 

for worms, 257 

for v^'ounds, 255 

in canine practice, 257 

in equine practice, 253 
Proctitis, definition of, 192 
Production in inflammation, 64 
Prognosis, definition, 49 
Prophylactic ti*eatment, 49 

of glanders, 85 
Ptomains, 41 
Pulmonary apoplexy, 144 

emphj'sema, 156 
symptoms, 157 
treatment, 159 

hyperfemia, 141 

oedema, 143 
Pulse, 43, 216 

abnormal, 44 

frequent, 44 

hard, 45 

intermittent, 45, 223 

irregular, 37 

large, 45 

normal, 44 

quick, 44 



268 



INDEX. 



Pulse, slow, 45 

small, 45 

soft, 45 

varieties, 44, 223 
Purging, 194 
Purpura hemorrhagica, 104 

causes, 104 

prognosis, 106 

sjmptoms, 104 

treatment, 106 
Purulent exudation, 59 
Purulent pleurisy, 165 
Pus in the guttural pouches, 174 

in the urine, test for, 211 
Pyaemia, causation, 99 

differential diagnosis, 100 

symptoms, 99 

treatment, 100 
Pyelitis, 208 

Pyo-pneumo-hydro-thorax, 166 
Pyonephrosis, 208 
Pyrexia, 65 
Pyuria, 213 

Q 

Quick pulse, 44 
Quickened respiration, 46 



B 

Kabies, 93 

equina, 93 
Pachitis, 110 
Eales, definition of, 121 

in bronchitis, 157 

in pericarditis, 217 

in pleurisy, 163 

in pneumonia, 149 

varieties of, 122 
Pay fungus, 92 
Eeaction of the urine, 210 
Eeflex action, 243 
Renal congestion, 204 

inflammation, 205 
Resolution, definition of, 62 
Respirations in pleurisy, 162 

in pulmonary emphysema, 157 

varieties of, 45 



Respiratory murmur, harsh, 121 

system, diseases of, 117 
Retention of urine, 214 

in azoturia, 251 
Rhinitis, 123 
Rhino-adenitis, 77 
Rickets, 110 
Roaring, 133 
Rupture of the diaphragm, 225 

of the oesophagus, 179 

of the stomach, 186 



S 



Salivation in oesophagitis, 181 

in stomatitis, 170 
Schizomj'cetes, 40 
Scoliosis, 111 
Secretions in fever, 66 
Semiology, 42 
Sejitic diseases, 52 
Septicaemia, 97 

differential diagnosis, 100 
Sibilant rale, 122 
Simple atrophy, 64 

fever, 67 
Slough, 63 
Small pulse, 45 
Snoring, 46 
Soft pidse, 45 
Sonorous rale, 122 
Sopor, definition of, 228 
Sore throat, 129 
Sounds, bronchial or tubal, 122 

elicited on percussion, 119 

pulmonic or vesicular, 122 
Spanaemia, 69 
Spasm, definition of, 243 

clonic, 243 

of the diaphragm, 225 

of the patella muscles, 231 

tonic, 243 
Spasmodic colic, 187 
Special pathology, 35 
Specific infectious disease, 52 

gravity of the urine, 209 

inflamn;ations, 03 
Sphacelus, 63 



INDEX, 



269 



Spinal cord, inflammation of, 244 
Spleen, diseases of, 202 
Sporadic disease, 52 
Stages of fever, 66 

of pleurisy, 163 

of pneumonia, 146 
Stagg-ers, causes, 228 
Staggers, symptoms, 229 

treatment, 229 
Staggers, stomach, 185 

causes, 185 

symptoms, 185 
Staphylococci, 40 
Stertorous breathing, 46 
Stomach, diseases of, 181 

impaction of, 185 

inflammation of, 182 

rupture, 186 

staggers, 185 
Stomatitis, 169 

symptoms, 169 

treatment, 170 
Strangles, definition, 77 

forms, 77 

symptoms, 78 

treatment, 78 
Strej)tococci, 40 
Streptococcus equi, 77 
Stricture of oesophagus, 178 
Stringhalt, 230 
Subacute pleurisy, 159 
Succussion, 118 
Suffixes, 37 

Superficial inflammation, 61 
Super-pharyngeal abscess, 174 
Superpurgation, prescription for, 

253 
Suppuration, 63 
Surra, 88 

Symptomatology, 42 
Symptoms, active, 43 

diagnostic, 43 

objective, 42 

passive, 43 

pathognomonic, 43 

prognostic, 43 

subjective, 42 
Symptoms of acute glanders, 84 

of anaemia, 70 



Symptoms of azoturia, 248 

of bronchitis, 137 

of catarrhal fever, 75 

of cerebral apoplexy, 234 

of chronic nasal catarrh, 125 

of cystitis, 215 

of diabetes, 115, 116 

of dysentery, 95 

of enteritis, 192 

of fever, 66 

of flatulent colic, 189 

of glanders, 84 

of inflammation, 58 

of influenza, 75 

of laryngitis, 129 

of maladie du coit, 86 

of pericarditis, 217 

of pharyngitis, 172 

of pleurisy, 162 

of pneumonia, 148 

of purpura ha?niorrhagica, 104 

of rachitis, 111 

of rupture of stomach, 186 

of strangles, 78 

of sunstroke, 246 

of surra, 89 

of tetanus, 100 

of thermic fever, 246 

of variola, 80 

of vertigo, 229 
Syncope, 54 
Synocha, 67 



Tachycardia, 223 
Teeth, irregular, 169 
Temperature in disease, 47 

use of, for treatment, 48 
Terminations of disease, 53 

of inflammation, 62 

of pneumonia, 148 
Testing for glanders, 85 
Tests for albumin, 211 

for bile, 211 

for blood, 211 

for chlorides, 212 

for phospliatefs. 211 



270 



INDEX. 



Tests for sugar, 212 
for urea, 211 
Fehling's, 212 
Gmelin's, 211 
Moore's, 212 
Tetanus, symptoms, 100 

treatment, 103 
Therniometric equivalents, table 

of, 48 
Thoracic breathing, 46 
Thorax, diseases of, 141 

physical examination, 117 

water in, 166 
Throat, diseases of, 128 
Thrombosis, cerebral, 236 
Thrush, 171 
Thumps, 225 
Tonic spasms, 243 
Toxalbumens, 41 
Toxic causes of inflammation, 57 

gastritis, 181 
Toxins, 41 
Tracheotomy in colt distemper, 79 

in laryngeal oedema, 133 

in purpura hsemorrhagica, 106 

in roaring, 134 
Traumatic causes of inflamma- 
tion, 57 

tetanus, 100 
Treatment, abortive, 50 

deflnition of, 50 

expectant, 50 

of anaemia, 70 

of azoturia, 250 

of bronchitis, 137 

of colic, 189, 191 

of diarrhoea, 194 

of enteritis, 193 

of fever, 68 

of inflammation, 63 

of osteomalacia, 110 

of pneumonia, 151 

of purpura hsemorrhagica, 106 

of rachitis, 112 

of spasm of diaphragm, 225 

of sunstroke, 247 

of tetanus, 103 

of vertigo, 229 

palliative, 51 



Treatment, prophylactic, 50 

radical, 50 

restorative, 50 
Trismus, 101 
Trocar in flatulent colic, 190 

in pleurisy with effusion, 165 
Trypanosoma, 86, 88, 90, 91 
Tympanitic colic, causes, 189 

treatment, 189 

sound, 119 
Typhlitis, 192 



Ulceration, definition, 62 
Ulcerations in glanders, 83 
Unfavorable symptoms in colic, 

188 
Urea, test for, 211 
Urine, abnormal substances, 209, 
211 

bloody, 211 

color, 209 

incontinence of, 214 

in azoturia, 251 

in diabetes insipidus, 116 

in diabetes mellitus, 115 

physical properties of, 209 

reaction of, 210 

specific gravity of, 209 

suppression of, 214 

tests for albumin in, 211 

for bile in, 211 

for blood in, 211 

for chlorides in, 212 

for phosphates in, 211 

for sugar in, 212 

for urea in, 211 

Fehling's, 212 

Gmelin's, 211 

Moore's, 212 



Varieties of cough, 46 
of exudations, 59 
of fever, 67 
of inflammation, 59, 61 



INDEX. 



271 



Varieties of pain, 43 

of pulse, 44 

of respirations, 45 
Variola, 80 

equina, eruptions in, SO 
symptoms, 81 
treatment, 81 
Vascular changes in inflamma- 
tion, 5G 
Venereal disease, 86 
Vertigo, definition, 228 
Vertigo, symptoms, 229 

treatment, 229 

abdominalis, 185 
Vesicular rales, 122 
Visible mucous membranes, 48 
Vital functions, 54 

organs, 54 



Volvulus, 190 

Vomiting in the horse, 187, 189 

W 

Waxy liver, 201 
Whistling, 133 
Wind, broken, 156 

colic, 189 

suckers, 168 



Yellow mucous membranes, 197 
Yellows, the, 48, 197 



Zoo-pathology, 35 

Zymotic disease, definition of, 53 



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